Shin kun taɓa mamakin abin da zai faru bayan danna maɓallin "Cycle Start"? Lokacin da ka danna maballin "CYCLE START" koren a kan rukunin aiki, kayan aikin injin yana fara motsi bisa ga shirin. Dukkanin tsarin yana da alama "sihiri" - amma a bayansa akwai tsarin haɗin gwiwa sosai: ɗayan ɓangaren yana karanta shirin, wani yana canza umarni zuwa siginar lantarki, wani yana motsa motar don juyawa, wani yana ci gaba da gano matsayin matsayi, wani kuma yana sarrafa mai sanyaya da canjin kayan aiki…
Waɗannan “wasu abubuwan da aka gyara” su ne manyan tsare-tsare guda biyar na kayan aikin injin CNC. Fahimtar waɗannan tsarin guda biyar ba kawai don gamsar da sha'awa ba ne - lokacin da kayan aikin injin ya lalace, zaku iya yanke hukunci da gaske wanda ke danganta matsalar; lokacin da kuka koyi ilimi mai zurfi, zaku sami fayyace tsari don fahimtar sabon abun ciki.
Tsarin 1: Na'urar CNC (Mai Kula da CNC) - "Brain" na Kayan Aikin Na'ura
(Madogararsa ta hoto: Siemens) Na'urar CNC ita ce ainihin kayan aikin injin gabaɗaya, wanda shine abin da muke kira sau da yawa "tsarin CNC" ko mai sarrafa CNC. Tsarin aikinsa shine kamar haka:
Karatun shirin: Karanta shirin NC daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, katin CF ko cibiyar sadarwa
Ƙaddamarwa: "Fassara" umarni kamar G-code da M-code zuwa bayanan da tsarin zai iya aiwatarwa a ciki
Ƙididdigar ƙididdigewa: Dangane da umarnin motsi, ƙididdige nawa kowane axis yake buƙatar motsawa a cikin kowane lokaci (wannan shine mafi girman lissafin - bazuwar "daga aya A zuwa aya B" zuwa ƙananan ƙananan matakai)
Bayar da umarnin sarrafawa: Aika adadin motsi na kowane axis zuwa tsarin servo a cikin siginar lantarki
Gudanar da ayyukan taimako: Sarrafa ayyukan M-code kamar saurin igiya, canjin kayan aiki, da sanyaya
Na'urar CNC ba kawai tana aiwatar da shirin ba, amma kuma tana karɓar ra'ayin matsayi na ainihi daga kowane axis kuma yana daidaita karkacewar motsi a kowane lokaci. Ƙungiyar aiki da allon nuni da yawanci kuke gani akan kayan aikin injin sune haɗin haɗin mutum-kwamfuta na na'urar CNC - ku shigar da shirye-shiryen, canza sigogi, da duba daidaitawa duk ta wannan hanyar sadarwa don sadarwa tare da na'urar CNC.
Tsarin 2: Tsarin Servo - "Tsokoki" na Kayan aikin Inji
Na'urar CNC tana ba da umarni na "X-axis yana motsawa 0.001mm", amma wannan umarni yana buƙatar canza shi zuwa motsi na inji ta tsarin servo. (Madogaran Hoto: FANUC)
Tsarin servo ya ƙunshi sassa biyu:
Driver Servo: Yana karɓar siginar sarrafawa da na'urar CNC ta aika, yana haɓaka shi, kuma yana canza shi zuwa wutar lantarki don fitar da motar. Yana daidai da madaidaicin “amplifier iko”.
Motar Servo: Yana canza makamashin lantarki zuwa motsi na juyawa na inji. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin motar servo da motar talakawa shine cewa motar servo tana da ginanniyar mahaɗar matsayi, wanda zai iya sarrafa kusurwar juyawa daidai, kuma saurin amsawarsa yana da sauri sosai - yana iya farawa, tsayawa ko canza saurin cikin milliseconds.
Kayan aikin injin CNC galibi suna da tsarin servo da yawa:
Sabis ɗin ciyarwa ɗaya don kowane ɗayan X-axis, Y-axis, da axis Z-axis: Yana sarrafa motsi na kayan aiki da kayan aiki
Spindle servo: Yana sarrafa saurin juyawa na sandal (kayan aiki)
Mayar da hankali na spindle servo da feed servo ya ɗan bambanta: servo feed yana bin daidaitattun matsayi (yawan motsi dole ne ya zama daidai), kuma servo na spindle servo yana bin kwanciyar hankali na sauri (gudun dole ne ya kasance akai a lokacin yankan, kuma ba zai iya canzawa ba saboda canje-canje a cikin yankan karfi). Don kayan aikin injin axis guda biyar, akwai ƙarin saiti biyu na tsarin servo don sarrafa gatura mai juyawa (A/B/C axes), kuma ana iya samun 5 zuwa 6 na servos da ke aiki a lokaci guda.
Tsarin 3: Jikin Injiniya Kayan Aikin Inji - kwarangwal da haɗin gwiwa
Motar servo tana haifar da motsi na juyawa, amma kayan aikin injin yana yin motsi na linzamin kwamfuta da matsayi na juyawa na kayan aiki. Wajibi ne a canza jujjuyawar motar zuwa daidaitaccen motsi na sassa daban-daban na kayan aikin injin, wanda ya dogara da jikin injin. Babban abubuwan da ke cikin jikin injina:
Bed / Frame: Tsarin asali na kayan aikin injin, yawanci ana yin shi da ƙarfe na ƙarfe ko farantin karfe. Kyakkyawan gado yana da tsayin daka da kuma juriya mai kyau, wanda shine jigo don tabbatar da daidaiton aiki. (Layi biyu da na'ura mai ƙarfi uku mai ƙarfi)
Jagoran Litattafai/Hanyar: “waƙa” da ke jagorantar tebur ɗin aiki da kan sandal don motsawa zuwa takamaiman hanya. Cibiyoyin injina na zamani gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar jagororin mirgina na layi, waɗanda ke da ƙaramin juzu'i, daidaici da sauri. Kayan aikin injin madaidaici za su yi amfani da jagororin hydrostatic tare da kusan juzu'i.
Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa ) na Juyi na Juyi na Juyin Juya Halin Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa ) ya yi zuwa Motsi na linzamin kwamfuta. Ƙwallon ƙwallon yana watsa ƙarfi ta hanyar mirgina ƙwallayen ƙarfe na ciki, tare da ƙananan juzu'i, kuma yana iya cimma daidaiton matakin ƙananan matakan.
Spindle: Babban bangaren da ke manne kayan aiki kuma yana jujjuyawa cikin sauri. Daidaiton (runout) na sandal ɗin yana shafar daidaitaccen aiki kai tsaye, kuma matsakaicin saurin igiya yana ƙayyade saurin da zaku iya aiwatarwa. Matsakaicin saurin gudu na iya kaiwa 40,000 rpm ko ma sama da haka. (Madogaran hoto: Luoyi)
Tsarin 4: Ganewa da Tsarin Sake amsawa - Idanun Rufe-Maida Sarrafa
Wannan tsari ne mai matukar mahimmanci wanda yawancin masu farawa ba su sani ba sosai. Tsarin CNC yana gaya wa motar servo don "juya juzu'i 10", amma ta yaya aka san cewa motar ta juya daidai 10? Shin ainihin kayan aikin ya motsa nisan da kuka nema? Ya dogara da tsarin ganowa da tsarin amsawa, wanda aikinsa shine auna ainihin matsayi a cikin ainihin lokaci da kuma ciyar da shi zuwa na'urar CNC, yana ba da damar tsarin ta atomatik gyara kuskure bisa ga kuskure.
Wannan sake zagayowar "bayar da umarni → aiwatarwa → gano ainihin dabi'u → kwatanta sabawa → gyaran umarni" ana kiransa kulawar madauki, wanda shine ainihin tsarin don tabbatar da daidaito na CNC.
Akwai nau'ikan abubuwan ganowa da aka saba amfani da su:
Rotary Encoder: An shigar da shi akan mashin motar servo don gano kusurwar jujjuyawar motar. Tun da yake gano ƙarshen motar maimakon ƙarshen aikin aiki, har yanzu akwai kurakurai kamar nakasar naƙasa, wanda nasa ne na sarrafa madaukai-rufe. Yawancin cibiyoyin injina suna ɗaukar wannan makirci, kuma daidaiton matsayi yawanci ± 0.005 ~ 0.01mm.
Sikelin Layi: An shigar da kai tsaye kusa da dogo na jagorar kayan aikin injin don auna ainihin madaidaicin madaidaicin wurin aiki. Saboda kai tsaye yana auna matsayi na aikin aiki, yana kawar da kurakurai a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na watsawa kamar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, na mallakar cikakken madaidaicin madaidaici (har zuwa ± 0.001mm). Kayan aikin injuna masu inganci da ingantattun kayan aikin injin axis guda biyar gabaɗaya suna sanye da ma'aunin ma'auni. (RENISHAW ma'aunin mizani)
Tsarin 5: Tsarin Ayyuka na Agaji - Ba da damar Kayan aikin Inji don "Aiki"
Tsarin farko guda huɗu tare suna tabbatar da cewa kayan aiki na iya motsawa daidai. Amma don kammala aikin da gaske, ana buƙatar jerin ayyuka na taimako:
Canjin Kayan aiki ta atomatik (ATC): ɗayan mahimman fasalulluka na cibiyoyin injina. Mujallar kayan aiki tana adana kayan aiki da yawa, kuma mai sarrafa ta atomatik yana kammala aikin gaba ɗaya yayin canjin kayan aiki, yawanci yana ɗaukar 'yan daƙiƙa kaɗan. Ƙarfin mujallun kayan aiki yana daga 8 zuwa fiye da 100 kayan aiki.
Tsarin Kulawa: Ana haifar da zafi mai yawa tsakanin kayan aiki da kayan aiki yayin aiki. Mai sanyaya yana da alhakin sanyaya, mai da kuma cire guntu. Hanyoyi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da sanyayawar waje, sanyaya na ciki (fesa kai tsaye zuwa wurin yankan ta cikin rami da rami na kayan aiki), da sauransu.
Tsarin Pneumatic/Hydraulic: Ana amfani da shi don ayyukan da ke buƙatar babban ƙarfi kamar matsar da kayan aiki, canje-canjen kayan aiki, da sakin kayan aikin sandal.
PLC (Programmable Logic Controller): The CNC na'urar kawai sarrafa motsi iko, yayin da babban adadin canji yawa controls a kan na'ura kayan aiki (kayan canji, coolant canji, m ƙofar interlock, da dai sauransu) ana sarrafa ta ginannen PLC. PLC da na'urar CNC suna haɗin gwiwa don samar da cikakken tsarin sarrafa kayan aikin injin.
Gudun Siginar Tsarukan Mahimmanci Biyar (Fahimtar a kallo)
Ana iya fahimtar tsarin aiki na dukan tsarin tare da siginar sigina: wannan shine duk abin da ke faruwa bayan "danna fara sake zagayowar", daidaitaccen tsarin kula da madauki wanda ke maimaita dubban sau a sakan daya.
Gabatarwa zuwa Manyan Tsarin Tsarin CNC
Bayan fahimtar rawar na'urar CNC, bari mu san manyan samfuran kan kasuwa:
FANUC: Alamar Jafananci wacce ke da mafi girman kason kasuwar duniya da yawan zama a masana'antar cikin gida. Tsarin yana da tsayayye kuma abin dogaro, tare da cikakken tsarin yanayin fasaha, yana mai da shi zaɓi na farko don koyo matakin shiga (misalan aiki na gaba a cikin wannan jerin za su fi mayar da hankali kan FANUC).
Siemens SINUMERIK: Alamar Jamusanci, babban tsari na kayan aikin injuna irin na Turai. SINUMERIK ONE babban tsarin shigar kayan aikin injin ne tare da ayyuka masu ƙarfi da cikakken goyon bayan axis guda biyar, amma tsarin koyo yana da tsayi. Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin motocin gida da filayen sararin samaniya.
Heidenhain TNC: Alamar Jamusanci wacce ke mai da hankali kan cibiyoyin injin niƙa, tare da ingantaccen aikin axis guda biyar, da babban suna a cikin sararin samaniya da daidaitattun filayen ƙira.
Alamar gida ta haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma manyan wakilai sune kamar haka:
| Alamar | Kamfanin Sadarwa | Babban Amfani | Matsayin Kasuwa | Taimakon Axis Biyar |
| Huazhong Nau'in 9 | Huazhong CNC | CPU na cikin gida, mai zaman kansa kuma mai sarrafawa | Ƙarshen tsakiya zuwa ƙasa, maye gurbin gida | Gabaɗaya |
| GSK | Guangzhou CNC | Amfanin farashi, cikakken kayan tallafi | Kayan aikin inji na tattalin arziki | Gabaɗaya |
| Farashin GNC62 | Farashin CNC | Haɗin axis-biyar da sarrafa haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe | Kasuwa ta tsakiya zuwa sama | Yayi kyau |
| Syntec | Fasahar Syntec | Ƙarfafawar CAM mai ƙarfi, mai sauƙin amfani | Tsakanin-ƙarshen, mafi sauri girma a cikin filin axis biyar | Yayi kyau |
Mayar da hankali na Musamman: Tsarin Syntec - Babban Ƙarfin Gida Biyar-Axis
Daga cikin yawancin tsarin CNC na cikin gida, Syntec ya yi fice musamman a cikin filin sarrafa axis guda biyar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin tsarin tare da mafi girman ƙimar shigarwa na kayan aikin injin axis biyar na gida.
Babban fa'idodin Syntec sune: madaidaicin karfin software na CAM, yana goyan bayan fitowar aiki na kusan dukkanin software na CAM na yau da kullun; G-code yana dacewa da tsarin FANUC CNC, ƙirar aiki yana da abokantaka ga masu farawa, kuma farashin koyo ya yi ƙasa da na tsarin Turai na gargajiya da na Amurka; a lokaci guda, yana aiki da ƙarfi a cikin ayyuka masu mahimmanci irin su RTCP-axis biyar da kuma sarrafa kayan aiki na kayan aiki, wanda shine muhimmin dalilin da ya sa yawancin masana'antun na'ura na na'ura guda biyar suna zaɓar Syntec a matsayin tsarin daidaitawa.
Idan ku ko kamfanin ku kuna shirin siyan kayan aikin injin axis guda biyar, ko kuna son fahimtar matsayin ci gaban tsarin cikin gida, zaku iya kula da tsarin Syntec, wanda kuma yana da albarkatu masu yawa akan layi. A cikin nunin ayyukan aiki na gaba na wannan jerin, za mu kuma yi la'akari da ƙara misalan aiki na tsarin Syntec.
Takaitaccen Labarin Wannan Labari
Na'urar CNC: Kwakwalwa, wacce ke karanta shirye-shirye, tana yin lissafin interpolation, kuma tana ba da umarnin motsi
Tsarin Servo: tsokoki, waɗanda ke tafiyar da madaidaicin motsi na kowane injin axis
Jikin injina: kwarangwal, gami da gado, titin dogo, dunƙule ball, da sandal.
#CNCMachineTools #CNCCoreSystems #FANUCSiemens #FiveAxisMachining #SyntecSystem #CNCTtechnology #CNCMachining
