ʻO nā ʻāpana wela kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia me ka hao he mau mea hana ma nā ʻoihana he nui:
Hanana mana:
Turbine Blades & Discs i loko o nā huila mahu a me nā pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā turbines kinoea.
ʻO ka paila paila, Superheater & Reheater Tubes, a me nā mea hoʻololi wela i nā mea kanu wahie fossil.
Kaʻa:
ʻO nā hale Turbocharger (Turbine Housings) pono e kū i nā wela kinoea hoʻopau.
ʻO nā pahu hoʻopau a me nā paipu iho.
Na kapuahi hana a me ka wela:
ʻO ka Radiant Tubes, Muffles, Trays, a me nā hīnaʻi i hoʻohana ʻia i ka carburizing, annealing, a me nā kaʻina hana wela ʻē aʻe.
Petrochemical & Hoʻomaʻemaʻe:
ʻO nā paipu no nā wili umu a me nā paipu no nā kahawai kaʻina hana wela i nā catalytic crackers a me nā mea hoʻoponopono.
Hōʻuluʻulu ka papaʻaina i nā hiʻohiʻona nui no ka ʻike wikiwiki.
| Hiʻona | wehewehe | Pōmaikaʻi |
| Mea Kumu | Hao (Fe), me ke kiekie Chromium (Cr) maʻiʻo. | Hāʻawi i kahi kumu kūʻai kūʻai me ka pale ʻana i ka oxidation. |
| Alanui Hana Hana | ʻO ka hana ʻana i ka Thermomechanical (Hot Rolling, Forging). | Loaʻa nā hopena i kahi ʻano like ʻole a me ka ductility maikaʻi a me ka paʻakikī. |
| Nā mea hoʻoikaika kiʻi | Paʻa Paʻa (Mo, W); Carbides (Cr, Nb, Mo). | Hāʻawi i kahi hui kaulike o ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa microstructural. |
| Kaulana Mahana | Hana maikaʻi a hiki i ~760°C (1400°F). | Hoʻopiha i ka ʻāpana hana koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā kila kulika maʻamau a me nā nickel superalloys. |
| Pōmaikaʻi kī | ʻO ke kaulike kūpono o ka hana, ka hana a me ke kumukūʻai. | ʻO ka hopena hoʻokele waiwai no ka nui o nā pilikia ʻenehana wela kiʻekiʻe. |
| Alloys maʻamau a me nā ʻano | Austenitic (e laʻa, 304H, 316H, 321H, 347H); Ferritic (e.g., 446); Ua hiki ke paʻakikī (e laʻa, A-286, 17-4PH). | Hāʻawi i kahi koho ākea no nā ʻokoʻa wela, ikaika, a me nā koi corrosion. |
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wela kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia i ka hao he papa kumu a maʻalahi o nā mea e hiki ai i kahi ʻāpana nui o ka ʻenekinia wela kiʻekiʻe o kēia wā. ʻO kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻana he hōʻailona maikaʻi loa o ke kumukūʻai a me ka hana ʻana, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea nui no nā noi mai ke kaʻa ʻohana a i ka hale mana e hoʻolako i kāna uila.
