
Chitsulo chopangidwa ndi zitsulo zotentha kwambiri ndi kalasi yazitsulo zokhala ndi chitsulo (Fe) monga chinthu chachikulu, chopangidwa kuti chikhale ndi mphamvu zamakina komanso kukana kuwonongeka (monga makutidwe ndi okosijeni) pa kutentha kwakukulu, komwe kumakhala pakati pa 540 ° C mpaka 760 ° C (1000 ° F mpaka 1400 ° F). Mawu akuti "opangidwa" akuwonetsa kuti amapangidwa ndi njira za thermomechanical monga kugudubuza kotentha, kupangira, kapena kutulutsa, komwe kumawongolera ma microstructure awo kuti apereke kuphatikizika kwamphamvu, ductility, ndi kutheka.
Amakhala ngati njira yotsika mtengo komanso yosunthika kwambiri pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana a kutentha kwambiri, kutsekereza kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito pakati pa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi faifi tambala kapena ma superalloys opangidwa ndi cobalt okwera mtengo kwambiri.
Mphamvu Zabwino Zakutentha Kwambiri & Kukana Kukantha: Amakana kusinthika komanso kupsinjika pang'onopang'ono, kutengera nthawi (kutsika) pansi pa makina otenthetsera kutentha kokwera, ngakhale kuti kutentha kwawo kumtunda kumakhala kotsika kuposa komwe kumapangidwa ndi nickel-based superalloys.
Kukaniza Kwabwino Kwambiri kwa Oxidation & Corrosion Resistance: Chofunikira chachikulu ndikutha kupanga sikelo yoteteza, yokhazikika ya chromia (Cr₂O₃) pamtunda, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chromium (nthawi zambiri 12-28%). Magiredi ambiri amakhalanso ndi silicon (Si) ndi aluminiyamu (Al) kuti apange masikelo okhazikika.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama: Kutengera matrix achitsulo, ndi otsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa njira zina zopangira faifi tambala kapena cobalt, zomwe zimawapanga kukhala zinthu zomwe zingasankhidwe pakugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kapena kutsika mtengo.
Kupanga Kwabwino: Mapangidwe awo amatanthawuza kuti amatha kupangidwa mosavuta, kupangidwa ndi makina, ndikuwotchera m'magawo ovuta pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe omwe amapangidwa m'mafakitale.
Kutentha kwambiri kwa ma aloyiwa kumatheka kudzera munjira zingapo zolumikizirana:
Kulimbitsa Njira Yolimba: Zinthu monga molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), ndi chromium (Cr) zimasungunuka muzitsulo zachitsulo, zomwe zimalepheretsa kusuntha kwachitsulo ndikupereka mphamvu zoyambira.
Carbide Precipitation Kulimbitsa: Mapangidwe a carbides okhazikika (mwachitsanzo, M₂₃C₆, MC, kumene M ndi Cr, Mo, Nb) pamalire a tirigu ndi mkati mwa njere kumathandiza kupachika kusokoneza ndi malire a tirigu, kulimbitsa mphamvu ndi kukwawa.
Mpweya wa Nitride ndi Carbonitride: Mu ma aloyi ena, zinthu monga niobium (Nb) ndi titaniyamu (Ti) zimapanga ma nitridi abwino kapena ma carbonitrides omwe amapereka kulimbikitsa kwamvula.
Kukhazikika kwa Microstructural: Zolemba za aloyi zimakhala zolimba kuti zipewe kufalikira kwa magawo olimbikitsawa komanso kupanga zowononga zophatikizika zapakati pa nthawi yayitali pakutentha.
Ma aloyi opangidwa ndi chitsulo otenthetsera kwambiri ndi omwe amagwira ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri:
Kupanga Mphamvu:
Ma Turbine Blades & Disc mu makina opangira nthunzi ndi magawo otsika otsika a makina opangira gasi.
Boiler Tubing, Superheater & Reheater Tubes, ndi zosinthira kutentha m'mafakitale opangira magetsi.
Zagalimoto:
Nyumba za Turbocharger (Nyumba za Turbine) zomwe zimayenera kupirira kutentha kwa mpweya wotuluka.
Manifolds otulutsa mpweya ndi pansi.
Zida Zamakampani & Chithandizo cha Kutentha:
Ma Radiant Tubes, Muffles, Trays, ndi mabasiketi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobisa nyama, kuwotcha, ndi njira zina zochizira kutentha.
Petrochemical & Refining:
Machubu opangira ng'anjo ya ng'anjo ndi mipope ya mitsinje yotentha kwambiri m'mitsinje yochititsa chidwi ndi osintha.
Gome lotsatirali likufotokoza mwachidule zinthu zofunika kuziwona mwachangu:
| Mbali | Kufotokozera | Ubwino |
| Base Element | Chitsulo (Fe), ndi mkulu Chromium (Cr) zomwe zili. | Amapereka maziko otsika mtengo okhala ndi kukana kwachilengedwe kwa okosijeni. |
| Njira Yopangira | Thermomechanical Processing (Hot Rolling, Forging). | Zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofanana, zowonongeka bwino ndi ductility zabwino ndi zolimba. |
| Olimbikitsa Ofunika | Yankho Lolimba (Mo, W); Carbides (Cr, Nb, Mo). | Amapereka kusakanikirana koyenera kwa mphamvu zotentha kwambiri komanso kukhazikika kwa microstructural. |
| Kutentha Kusiyanasiyana | Kuchita bwino mpaka ~760°C (1400°F). | Amadzaza kusiyana pakati pa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zosapanga dzimbiri ndi ma nickel superalloys. |
| Phindu Lofunika Kwambiri | Kulinganiza koyenera kwa magwiridwe antchito, kupanga, ndi mtengo. | Yankho lachuma kwambiri pazovuta zambiri zamainjiniya otentha kwambiri. |
| Common Alloys & Mitundu | Austenitic (mwachitsanzo, 304H, 316H, 321H, 347H); Ferritic (mwachitsanzo, 446); Mvula-Yowumitsa (monga A-286, 17-4PH). | Amapereka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kutentha, mphamvu, ndi dzimbiri. |
Mwachidule, Ma Alloys Opangidwa ndi Iron-Based High-Temperature Alloys ndi gulu lofunikira komanso losunthika la zida zomwe zimathandiza gawo lalikulu laukadaulo wamakono wotentha kwambiri. Kukula kwawo kumayimira kukhathamiritsa mwaluso kwa mtengo ndi magwiridwe antchito, kuwapangitsa kukhala ofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito kuyambira pagalimoto yabanja kupita kumalo opangira magetsi omwe amapereka magetsi ake.