Wigeze wibaza uko bigenda nyuma yo gukanda buto ya "Cycle Start"? Iyo ukanze buto yicyatsi "CYCLE START" kumwanya wibikorwa, igikoresho cyimashini gitangira kugenda ukurikije gahunda. Inzira yose isa nkaho ari "amarozi" - ariko inyuma yayo ni sisitemu ikomeye cyane ikorana: igice kimwe gisoma gahunda, ikindi gihindura amabwiriza mubimenyetso byamashanyarazi, ikindi kigatwara moteri kuzunguruka, ikindi kigakomeza kumenya ibitekerezo byikibanza, ikindi kigenzura ihinduka rikonje nigikoresho…
Izi "ibice bimwe" nuburyo butanu bwibanze bwibikoresho bya mashini ya CNC. Gusobanukirwa na sisitemu eshanu ntabwo ari uguhaza amatsiko gusa - mugihe igikoresho cyimashini kimenetse, urashobora guca urubanza uhuza ikibazo kiri; mugihe wize ubumenyi bwimbitse, uzagira urwego rusobanutse rwo gusobanukirwa ibishya.
Sisitemu 1: Igikoresho cya CNC (Umugenzuzi wa CNC) - “Ubwonko” bwigikoresho cyimashini
. Ibikorwa byayo ni ibi bikurikira:
Gusoma gahunda: Soma gahunda ya NC uhereye kububiko, ikarita ya CF cyangwa interineti
Decoding: "Sobanura" amabwiriza nka G-code na M-code mumibare sisitemu ishobora gutunganya imbere
Kubara Interpolation: Ukurikije amabwiriza yimikorere, bara umubare wibyo buri axe ikeneye kwimuka muri buri gihe cyigice (iyi niyo mibare yibanze cyane - kubora "kuva kumurongo A kugeza kuri B" muburyo buto butabarika)
Gutanga amabwiriza yo kugenzura: Kohereza umubare wimikorere ya buri axis kuri sisitemu ya servo muburyo bwibimenyetso byamashanyarazi
Guhuza ibikorwa byubufasha: Kugenzura M-code imikorere nkumuvuduko wa spindle, guhindura ibikoresho, na coolant
Igikoresho cya CNC ntigikora gusa gahunda, ariko kandi cyakira umwanya-nyacyo wibitekerezo uhereye kuri buri murongo kandi ugakosora gutandukana kwigihe icyo aricyo cyose. Igikorwa cyo kwerekana no kwerekana ecran mubisanzwe mubona kubikoresho byimashini ni interineti ihuza abantu na mudasobwa igikoresho cya CNC - winjiza porogaramu, uhindura ibipimo, kandi ugenzura imirongo yose ukoresheje iyi interineti kugirango uvugane nigikoresho cya CNC.
Sisitemu 2: Sisitemu ya Servo - “Imitsi” yigikoresho cyimashini
Igikoresho cya CNC gitanga amabwiriza ya "X-axis yimuka 0.001mm", ariko aya mabwiriza akeneye guhindurwa muburyo bwa mashini na sisitemu ya servo. (Inkomoko y'amashusho: FANUC)
Sisitemu ya servo igizwe n'ibice bibiri:
Servo Drive: Yakiriye ikimenyetso cyo kugenzura cyoherejwe nigikoresho cya CNC, ikongerera imbaraga, ikayihindura mumashanyarazi kugirango itware moteri. Iringana na "power amplifier" neza.
Moteri ya Servo: Ihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi mukuzunguruka. Itandukaniro riri hagati ya moteri ya servo na moteri isanzwe nuko moteri ya servo ifite kodegisi yubatswe, ishobora kugenzura neza impande zose, kandi umuvuduko wacyo wihuta cyane - irashobora gutangira, guhagarika cyangwa guhindura umuvuduko muri milisegonda.
Ibikoresho bya mashini ya CNC mubisanzwe bifite sisitemu nyinshi za sisitemu:
Igaburo rimwe servo kuri buri kimwe cya X-axis, Y-axis, na Z-axis: Igenzura urujya n'uruza rw'ibikoresho kandi rukora
Spindle servo: Igenzura umuvuduko wo kuzunguruka kwa spindle (igikoresho)
Ibyibandwaho na spindle servo hamwe na servo yo kugaburira biratandukanye gato: kugaburira servo ikurikirana neza neza neza (umubare wimigendere igomba kuba itomoye), kandi servo ya spindle ikurikirana umuvuduko wihuse (umuvuduko ugomba guhora mugihe cyo gukata, kandi ntishobora guhinduka kubera impinduka zingufu zo guca). Kubikoresho byimashini eshanu-axis, hariho ibice bibiri byinyongera bya sisitemu ya servo yo kugenzura imirongo izunguruka (A / B / C axe), kandi hashobora kuba amaseti 5 kugeza kuri 6 ya servisi ikora icyarimwe.
Sisitemu 3: Imashini Igikoresho Cyimashini - Skeleton hamwe
Moteri ya servo itanga icyerekezo cyo kuzunguruka, ariko igikoresho cyimashini gikora umurongo ugenda no guhinduranya igikoresho. Birakenewe guhindura moteri ya moteri muburyo bwuzuye bwibice bitandukanye byigikoresho cyimashini, zishingiye kumubiri. Ibice byingenzi bigize umubiri wubukanishi:
Uburiri / Ikadiri: Imiterere shingiro yigikoresho cyimashini, mubisanzwe bikozwe mubyuma cyangwa icyuma gisudira. Igitanda cyiza gifite ubukana bwinshi kandi kirwanya neza kunyeganyega, nicyo kintu cyerekana ko gutunganya neza. (Imirongo ibiri n'umurongo umwe ukomeye-axis ya optique imashini)
Umurongo uyobora / Inzira: "Inzira" iyobora akazi gakorwa no kuzunguruka umutwe kugirango ugende mu cyerekezo runaka. Ibigo bigezweho byo gutunganya mubisanzwe bifata umurongo uzunguruka, bifite ubushyamirane buto, busobanutse neza kandi bwihuse. Ibikoresho byimashini isobanutse neza bizakoresha hydrostatike iyobora hafi ya zeru.
Umupira wumupira: Igice cyibanze gihinduranya icyerekezo cya moteri ya servo mukigenda cyumurongo wakazi. Umupira wumupira wohereza imbaraga binyuze mukuzunguruka imipira yicyuma imbere, hamwe no guterana gukabije, kandi birashobora kugera kuri micron-urwego ruhagaze neza.
Spindle: Ikintu cyibanze gifunga igikoresho kandi kizunguruka ku muvuduko mwinshi. Ubusobanuro (runout) bwa spindle bugira ingaruka muburyo butaziguye bwo gutunganya, kandi umuvuduko ntarengwa wa spindle ugena umuvuduko ushobora gutunganya. Umuvuduko wihuse urashobora kugera kuri 40.000 rpm cyangwa ndetse hejuru. (Inkomoko y'amashusho: Luoyi)
Sisitemu 4: Kumenya no Gusubiza Sisitemu - Amaso yo Gufunga-Kugenzura
Ubu ni sisitemu ikomeye cyane abatangiye benshi batazi byinshi. Sisitemu ya CNC ibwira moteri ya servo "kuzunguruka inshuro 10", ariko nigute ishobora kumenya ko moteri yazindutse mubyukuri 10? Igikoresho cyaba cyarimuye intera wasabye? Ishingiye kuri sisitemu yo gutahura no gutanga ibitekerezo, imikorere yayo ni ugupima umwanya nyawo mugihe nyacyo no kugaburira igikoresho cya CNC, bigatuma sisitemu ihita ikosora gutandukana ukurikije ikosa.
Uru ruzinduko rwo "gutanga amabwiriza → gushyira mu bikorwa → kumenya indangagaciro nyazo → kugereranya gutandukana → gukosora amabwiriza" byitwa gufunga-gufunga, aribwo buryo bwibanze bwo kwemeza neza CNC.
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwibikoresho bisanzwe bikoreshwa:
Encoder ya Rotary: Yashyizwe kumurongo wa moteri ya servo kugirango umenye impande zizunguruka. Kubera ko itahura impera ya moteri aho kuba iherezo ryakazi, haracyari amakosa nka screw elastique deformasiyo, ikaba igenzurwa na kimwe cya kabiri gifunze. Ibigo byinshi bitunganya imashini byemera iyi gahunda, kandi aho imyanya ihagaze ni ± 0.005 ~ 0.01mm.
Igipimo cyumurongo: Byashyizwe muburyo butaziguye kuruhande rwibikoresho byimashini iyobora gari ya moshi kugirango bapime umurongo ugaragara kwimurwa ryakazi. Kuberako ipima neza umwanya wakazi, ikuraho amakosa mumirongo yohereza nkumupira wumupira, wo kugenzura-gufunga-gufunga-kugenzura neza (kugeza ± 0.001mm). Ibikoresho byimashini zisobanutse neza hamwe nibikoresho bitanu-axis ya mashini isanzwe ifite umunzani. (RENISHAW igipimo cyumurongo)
Sisitemu 5: Sisitemu Yumufasha Sisitemu - Gushoboza Igikoresho Cyimashini "Gukora"
Sisitemu enye zibanza hamwe zemeza ko igikoresho gishobora kugenda neza. Ariko kugirango urangize rwose gutunganya, urukurikirane rw'imirimo ifasha irakenewe:
Guhindura ibikoresho byikora (ATC): Kimwe mubintu byingenzi biranga ibigo bikora. Ikinyamakuru igikoresho kibika ibikoresho byinshi, kandi manipulator ihita irangiza inzira yose mugihe cyo guhindura ibikoresho, mubisanzwe bifata amasegonda make. Ubushobozi bwikinyamakuru cyibikoresho buva kuri 8 kugeza kubikoresho birenga 100.
Sisitemu yo gukonjesha: Ubushyuhe bwinshi butangwa hagati yigikoresho nigikorwa cyakazi mugihe cyo gutunganya. Ibicurane bishinzwe gukonjesha, gusiga no gukuramo chip. Uburyo busanzwe burimo gukonjesha spray yo hanze, gukonjesha imbere (gutera mu buryo butaziguye ahantu haciwe binyuze muri spindle hamwe nigikoresho cyo hagati), nibindi.
Pneumatic / Hydraulic Sisitemu: Ikoreshwa mubikorwa bisaba imbaraga nini nko gufunga ibihangano, ibikorwa byo guhindura ibikoresho, hamwe no gusohora ibikoresho bya spindle.
PLC. PLC nigikoresho cya CNC bifatanya gukora sisitemu yuzuye yo kugenzura ibikoresho byimashini.
Ibimenyetso bitemba bya sisitemu eshanu zingenzi (Sobanukirwa neza)
Inzira yimikorere ya sisitemu yose irashobora kumvikana nurunigi rwibimenyetso: ibi nibintu byose bibaho nyuma yo "gukanda uruziga rutangira", inzira ifunze-ifunga igenzura isubiramo inshuro ibihumbi kumasegonda.
Intangiriro Kumurongo Wibanze wa CNC
Nyuma yo gusobanukirwa uruhare rwibikoresho bya CNC, reka tumenye ibirango nyamukuru kumasoko:
FANUC: Ikirango cy'Ubuyapani gifite umugabane munini ku isoko ku isi kandi umubare munini w'abatuye mu nganda zo mu gihugu. Sisitemu ihamye kandi yizewe, hamwe na ecosystem yuzuye ya tekiniki, bigatuma ihitamo ryambere ryo kwiga-urwego rwo kwiga (ingero zikorwa zikurikira muriki gice zizibanda cyane kuri FANUC).
Siemens SINUMERIK: Ikirangantego cyubudage, iboneza nyamukuru ryibikoresho byimashini zikoreshwa muburayi. SINUMERIK ONE ni sisitemu yohejuru yimashini igikoresho cyo kwishyiriraho sisitemu ifite imikorere ikomeye kandi itunganijwe neza-axis eshanu, ariko umurongo wo kwiga urakomeye. Ikoreshwa cyane mumodoka zo murugo no mu kirere.
Heidenhain TNC: Ikirangantego cy’Ubudage cyibanda ku gusya imashini zikora imashini, hamwe n’ibikorwa bitunganijwe neza bitanu, kandi bizwi cyane mu kirere no mu buryo bwuzuye.
Ibirango byimbere mu gihugu byateye imbere byihuse mumyaka yashize, kandi abahagarariye nyamukuru ni aba bakurikira:
| Ikirango | Isosiyete ikorana nayo | Ibyiza byingenzi | Umwanya w'isoko | Inkunga ya Axis |
| Huazhong Ubwoko 9 | Huazhong CNC | CPU yo murugo, yigenga kandi irashobora kugenzurwa | Hagati-hasi-iherezo, gusimburwa murugo | Jenerali |
| GSK | Guangzhou CNC | Inyungu yibiciro, ibikoresho byunganira byuzuye | Ibikoresho byubukungu | Jenerali |
| Kede GNC62 | Kede CNC | Ibice bitanu bihuza hamwe no guhinduranya urusyo | Isoko ryo hagati-hejuru | Nibyiza |
| Syntec | Ikoranabuhanga rya Syntec | Ihuza rya CAM rikomeye, umukoresha-mwiza | Hagati-iherezo, gukura byihuse mumirongo itanu-axis | Nibyiza |
Icyerekezo cyihariye: Sisitemu ya Syntec - Imbaraga Nkuru Zimbere Zitanu-Axis
Muri sisitemu nyinshi zo murugo CNC, Syntec yitwaye cyane mubikorwa bitanu-bitunganyirizwa mu myaka yashize kandi ibaye imwe muri sisitemu ifite igipimo kinini cyo kwishyiriraho ibikoresho byimashini zitanu zo mu rugo.
Ibyiza byibanze bya Syntec ni: guhuza cyane software ya CAM, gushyigikira ibyakozwe nyuma yo gutunganya hafi ya software yose ya CAM; G. icyarimwe, ikora neza mubikorwa byingenzi nka bitanu-axis RTCP hamwe nigikoresho cyo kugenzura ibikoresho, nimpamvu yingenzi ituma umubare munini wibikoresho bitanu byimashini zikoresha imashini zihitamo Syntec nka sisitemu isanzwe iboneza.
Niba wowe cyangwa isosiyete yawe uteganya kugura ibikoresho byimashini zitanu zo murugo, cyangwa ushaka kumva imiterere yiterambere rya sisitemu yo murugo, urashobora kwitondera sisitemu ya Syntec, nayo ifite ibikoresho byinshi byo kwiga kumurongo. Mubikorwa bizakurikiraho byerekana ibikorwa byuruhererekane, tuzasuzuma kandi kongera ingero zikorwa za sisitemu ya Syntec.
Incamake y'iyi ngingo
· Igikoresho cya CNC: Ubwonko, busoma gahunda, bukora interpolation, kandi bugatanga amabwiriza yimikorere
Sisitemu ya Servo: Imitsi, itwara neza neza ya moteri ya axis
· Umubiri wa mashini: Igikanka, harimo uburiri, kuyobora gari ya moshi, imipira yumupira, na spindle
#CNCMachineTools #CNCCoreSystems #FANUCSiemens #FiveAxisMachining # Sisitemu
