Wakambozvibvunza here kuti chii chinoitika mushure mekudzvanya bhatani re "Cycle Start"? Paunodzvanya bhatani regirini "CYCLE START" pane yepaneru yekushandisa, mudziyo wemuchina unotanga kufamba zvinoenderana nechirongwa. Maitiro ese anoita senge "emashiripiti" - asi kuseri kwayo kune yakasimba kwazvo sisitimu inobatana: chimwe chikamu chinoverenga chirongwa, chimwe chinoshandura mirairo kuita masaini emagetsi, imwe inotyaira mota kuti itenderere, imwe inoramba ichiona mhinduro yechinzvimbo, uye imwe inodzora inotonhorera uye chishandiso shanduko…
Aya "zvimwe zvikamu" ndiwo mashanu epakati masisitimu eCNC muchina maturusi. Kunzwisisa masisitimu mashanu aya hakusi kungogutsa kuda kuziva - kana chishandiso chemuchina chaparara, unogona kutonga kuti dambudziko riri kupi; paunodzidza ruzivo rwakadzama, unenge uine hurongwa hwakajeka hwekunzwisisa zvinyorwa zvitsva.
Sisitimu 1: CNC Chishandiso (CNC Controller) - Iyo "Brain" yemuchina Tool
(Mufananidzo sosi: Nokia) Iyo CNC mudziyo ndiyo musimboti weiyo yese muchina chishandiso, ndiyo yatinowanzo kudaidza kuti "CNC system" kana CNC controller. Maitiro ayo ekushanda ndeaya anotevera:
Kuverenga chirongwa: Verenga iyo NC chirongwa kubva mundangariro, CF kadhi kana network interface
Decoding: "Shandura" mirairo yakaita seG-code neM-code kuita data iyo system inogona kugadzirisa mukati
Interpolation calculation: Zvinoenderana nemirairo yekufamba, verenga kuti ingani axis imwe neimwe inoda kufamba muchikamu chega chega (iyi ndiyo yakanyanya kukosha kuverenga - kuora "kubva panzvimbo A kuenda kunongedzo B" kuita zvisingaverengeki nhanho diki)
Kuburitsa mirairo yekudzora: Tumira huwandu hwekufamba kweakisi imwe neimwe kune servo system nenzira yemagetsi masaini.
Kuronga mabasa ekubatsira: Dzora M-code mabasa akadai sespindle kumhanya, shanduko yekushandisa, uye inotonhorera
Chishandiso cheCNC hachingoite chirongwa chete, asi zvakare chinogashira chaiyo-nguva chinzvimbo mhinduro kubva kune yega axis uye inogadzirisa mafambiro ekufamba chero nguva. Iyo yekuvhiya pani uye chidzitiro chekuratidzira chaunowanzo kuona pachishandiso chemuchina ndeye munhu-kombuta yekudyidzana interface yeCNC mudziyo - iwe unoisa zvirongwa, shandura ma paramita, uye tarisa anoronga zvese kuburikidza neiyi interface kuti utaure neCNC mudziyo.
Sisitimu yechipiri: Servo Sisitimu - Iyo "mhasuru" yemuchina Chishandiso
Iyo CNC mudziyo inopa rairo ye "X-axis inofamba 0.001mm", asi iyi rairo inoda kushandurwa kuita chaiyo mechanika kufamba ne servo system. (Mufananidzo: FANUC)
Iyo servo system ine zvikamu zviviri:
Servo Drive: Inogamuchira chiratidzo chekutonga chinotumirwa neCNC mudziyo, inoikudza, uye inoishandura kuita simba remagetsi kutyaira mota. Iyo yakaenzana neiyo chaiyo "simba amplifier".
Servo Motor: Inoshandura simba remagetsi kuita mechanic inotenderera kufamba. Musiyano uripo pakati pe servo mota neyakajairwa mota ndewekuti servo mota ine yakavakirwa-mukati chinzvimbo encoder, inogona kunyatso kudzora kona yekutenderera, uye kumhanya kwayo kwekupindura inokurumidza - inogona kutanga, kumira kana kushandura kumhanya mumamilliseconds.
CNC muchina maturusi kazhinji ane akawanda seti ye servo masisitimu:
Imwe feed servo yega yega X-axis, Y-axis, uye Z-axis: Inodzora kufamba kwechishandiso uye inoshanda.
Spindle servo: Inodzora kumhanya kwekutenderera kweiyo spindle (chishandiso)
Iyo inotarisa ye spindle servo uye feed servo yakasiyana zvishoma: iyo feed servo inotsvaga chinzvimbo chechokwadi (iyo yekufamba chiyero inofanira kunge yakanyatsojeka), uye iyo spindle servo inoteedzera kugadzikana kwekumhanya (kumhanya kunofanirwa kugara kuripo panguva yekucheka, uye haigone kuchinjika nekuda kwekuchinja kwesimba rekucheka). Kune mashanu-axis muchina maturusi, kune maviri ekuwedzera seti ye servo masisitimu ekudzora matemo ekutenderera (A/B/C maaxes), uye panogona kunge paine 5 kusvika 6 seti yema servos anoshanda panguva imwe chete.
Sisitimu 3: Muchina Chishandiso Mechanical Muviri - Skeleton uye Majoini
Iyo servo mota inogadzira inotenderera inofamba, asi chishandiso chemuchina chinoita mutsara wekufamba uye kutenderera chinzvimbo chechishandiso. Izvo zvinodikanwa kushandura iyo mota inotenderera kuita chaiyo kufamba kwezvikamu zvakasiyana zvemuchina chishandiso, icho chinotsamira pane mechanic body. Izvo zvakakosha zvikamu zve mechanical body:
Mubhedha / Chimiro: Iyo yakakosha chimiro chemuchina chishandiso, kazhinji yakagadzirwa nesimbi yakakandwa kana welded simbi ndiro. Mubhedha wakanaka une kusimba kwepamusoro uye yakanaka vibration kuramba, inova ndiyo nhanho yekuve nechokwadi chekugadzirisa kurongeka. (Mitsetse miviri uye imwe-yakaoma matatu-axis optical muchina)
Linear Guide / Nzira: Iyo "track" inotungamira iyo yekushanda uye spindle musoro kuti ufambe munzira yakati. Nzvimbo dzemazuva ano dzemuchina dzinowanzotora mitsara yekutenderedza dhairekitori, ine kukweshera kudiki, yakanyanya kunaka uye nekukurumidza kupindura. Yepamusoro-chaiyo muchina maturusi achashandisa hydrostatic madhairekitori ane kanenge zero friction.
Bhora Screw: Chikamu chepakati chinoshandura kutenderera kweiyo servo mota kuita mutsara wekufamba kwetafura yekushanda. Iyo bhora screw inopfuudza simba kuburikidza nekukungurutswa kwemukati simbi mabhora, nekunyanya kudiki friction, uye inogona kuwana micron-level positioning chaiyo.
Spindle: Chinhu chepakati chinosunga chishandiso uye chinotenderera nekumhanya kukuru. Iko kurongeka (runout) kweiyo spindle kunokanganisa zvakananga kugadzirisa, uye iyo yakanyanya kukurumidza yespindle inosarudza kumhanya kwaunogona kuita. High-speed spindles inogona kusvika 40,000 rpm kana kunyange yakakwirira. (Mufananidzo: Luoyi)
Sisitimu 4: Kuona uye Feedback System - Iwo Meso eAkavharwa-Loop Kudzora
Iyi ndiyo yakanyanya kuomarara sisitimu iyo vazhinji vanotanga havazive zvakawanda nezvayo. Iyo CNC system inoudza servo mota "kutenderera gumi", asi inoziva sei kuti mota yakanyatso kutenderera gumi? Chimbo chacho chanyatsofambisa chinhambwe chawakumbira here? Iyo inotsamira pane yekuona uye mhinduro sisitimu, iyo basa nderekuyera iyo chaiyo chinzvimbo munguva chaiyo uye kuidzosera iyo kuCNC mudziyo, ichibvumira iyo sisitimu kuti igadzirise otomatiki kutsauka maererano nekukanganisa.
Kutenderera uku kwe "kuburitsa mirairo → kuita → kuona hunhu chaihwo → kuenzanisa kutsauka → kugadzirisa mirairo" inodaidzwa kuvharwa-loop control, inova ndiyo musimboti nzira yekuona kuti CNC yakarurama.
Kune marudzi maviri ezvinonyanya kushandiswa zvinoonekwa zvikamu:
Rotary Encoder: Yakaiswa pane servo mota shaft kuti ione mota inotenderera angle. Sezvo ichiona magumo emota kwete kupera kwekushanda, kuchine zvikanganiso senge screw elastic deformation, inova yesemi-yakavharwa-loop control. Mazhinji machining nzvimbo anotora chirongwa ichi, uye iko kurongeka chaiko kunowanzo ± 0.005 ~ 0.01mm.
Linear Scale: Yakanyatso kuisirwa padivi pemuchina wekushandisa njanji njanji kuyera iyo chaiyo mutsara kutamiswa kweiyo worktable. Nekuti inoyera zvakananga chinzvimbo chetabhenakeri, inobvisa zvikanganiso mukutapurirana zvinongedzo senge bhora screw, yeyakazara-yakavharwa-loop control ine yakakwirira kurongeka (kusvika ± 0.001mm). Yepamusoro-chaiyo muchina maturusi uye chaiyo-shanu-axis muchina maturusi anowanzo kuve ane mutsara zviyero. (RENISHAW linear scale)
Sisitimu 5: Yekubatsira Basa Sisitimu - Inogonesa iyo Machine Tool "Kushanda"
Iwo mana ekutanga masisitimu pamwe chete anovimbisa kuti chishandiso chinogona kufamba nemazvo. Asi kuti upedze kunyatsogadzirisa, nhevedzano yemabasa ekubatsira inodiwa:
Automatic Tool Changer (ATC): Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvemachining nzvimbo. Iyo magazini yemidziyo inochengeta akawanda maturusi, uye manipulator inongopedzisa hurongwa hwese panguva yekuchinja kwechishandiso, kazhinji ichingotora masekondi mashoma. Kugona kwemagazini yemidziyo kunobva pa8 kusvika kune anopfuura zana maturusi.
Kutonhora System: Kupisa kwakawanda kunogadzirwa pakati pechishandiso uye workpiece panguva yekugadzirisa. Iyo inotonhorera ine basa rekutonhodza, kuzora uye kubvisa chip. Nzira dzakajairika dzinosanganisira kutonhora kwekunze kwekupfapfaidza, kutonhora kwemukati (kupfapfaidza zvakananga kunzvimbo yekucheka kuburikidza negomba repakati uye mudziyo wepakati), nezvimwe.
Pneumatic/Hydraulic System: Inoshandiswa kuita zviito zvinoda simba rakakura senge clamping workpieces, chishandiso chekuchinja zviito, uye spindle chishandiso kuburitswa.
PLC (Programmable Logic Controller): Chishandiso cheCNC chinongobata kutonga kwekufamba, nepo huwandu hukuru hwekuchinja huwandu hwekutonga pamushini wemuchina (chishandiso shanduko, inotonhorera switch, inodzivirira gonhi rekuvhara, nezvimwewo) inobatwa neyakavakwa-mukati PLC. Iyo PLC neCNC mudziyo zvinobatirana kugadzira yakazara muchina chekudzora sisitimu.
Chiratidzo Kuyerera kweVashanu Core Systems (Nzwisisa paKutarisa)
Nzira yekushanda yehurongwa hwose inogona kunzwisiswa neketani yechiratidzo: izvi ndizvo zvose zvinoitika mushure me "kudzvanya kutenderera kutanga", yakanyatsovhara-loop control process inodzokorora zviuru zvenguva pasekondi.
Nhanganyaya kune Mainstream CNC System Brands
Mushure mekunzwisisa basa reiyo CNC mudziyo, ngatisvike pakuziva iwo makuru mhando pamusika:
FANUC: Chigadzirwa cheJapan chine chikamu chikuru chemusika wepasi rose uye yakanyanya kukwirisa huwandu hwekugara mumafekitori epamba. Iyo sisitimu yakagadzikana uye yakavimbika, iine yakakwana tekinoroji ecosystem, ichiita iyo yekutanga sarudzo yekupinda-chikamu chekudzidza (inotevera mienzaniso yekushanda mune ino nhevedzano inonyanya kutarisa paFANUC).
Siemens SINUMERIK: Chigadzirwa cheGerman, iko kurongeka kweEuropean-style muchina maturusi. SINUMERIK YEMWE ndeyepamusoro-yekupedzisira muchina yekuisa sisitimu ine mabasa ane simba uye akakwana mashanu-axis rutsigiro, asi yekudzidza curve yakakwidza. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mudzimba dzemotokari uye aerospace minda.
Heidenhain TNC: Chiratidziro cheGerman chinotarisa pamilling machining nzvimbo, ine yakakwenenzverwa shanu-axis basa rekutsigira, uye mukurumbira wepamusoro munzvimbo yeaerospace uye nemazvo mold minda.
Zvigadzirwa zvemumba zvakakura nekukurumidza mumakore achangopfuura, uye vamiriri vakuru ndeaya anotevera:
| Brand | Affiliated Company | Main Advantages | Market Positioning | Mashanu-Axis Tsigiro |
| Huazhong Type 9 | Huazhong CNC | Yemukati CPU, yakazvimirira uye inodzoreka | Mid-to-low end, mudzimba kutsiva | General |
| GSK | Guangzhou CNC | Mutengo wakanakira, zvakakwana kutsigira zvivakwa | Economical muchina zvishandiso | General |
| Kede GNC62 | Kede CNC | shanu-axis yekubatanidza uye inotendeuka-mill composite kugadzirisa | Musika wepakati-kusvika-wepamusoro | Zvakanaka |
| Syntec | Sravana Sameeralu Serial 4th Syntec Technology | Yakasimba CAM kuenderana, mushandisi-inoshamwaridzika interface | Pakati pekupedzisira, inokurumidza kukura mumunda we-axis mashanu | Zvakanaka |
Yakakosha Yekutarisa: Syntec System - Iyo Main Force yeDomestic Five-Axis
Pakati peakawanda edzimba CNC masisitimu, Syntec yakashanda zvakanyanya mundima yeaxis shanu mumakore achangopfuura uye yave imwe yemasisitimu ane yakanyanya kuisirwa mwero wemichina-axis muchina maturusi.
Iyo yakakosha mabhenefiti eSyntec ndeaya: yakasimba kwazvo CAM software inoenderana, inotsigira iyo post-kugadzirisa kuburitsa kweanenge ese makuru eCAM software; G-code inonyanya kuenderana neFANUC CNC masisitimu, iyo yekushandisa interface ndeye mushandisi-inoshamwaridzika kune vanotanga, uye mutengo wekufunda wakaderera pane iwo echinyakare European neAmerica masisitimu; panguva imwecheteyo, inoita zvakadzikama mumabasa akakosha akadai seakisi-akisi RTCP uye kudzora axis chishandiso, chiri chikonzero chakakosha nei nhamba huru yevashanu-axis muchina vanogadzira maturusi vanosarudza Syntec seyakajairwa gadziriro yegadziriro.
Kana iwe kana kambani yako iri kuronga kutenga yepamba shanu-axis muchina chishandiso, kana uchida kunzwisisa mamiriro ekusimudzira masisitimu epamba, unogona kuterera kuSyntec system, iyo zvakare ine zvakawanda zvekudzidza pamhepo. Muchiratidziro chekushanda chinotevera cheiyi nhevedzano, isu tichafunga zvakare kuwedzera maitiro ekushandisa eSyntec system.
Pfupiso yeChinyorwa Ichi
· CNC Chishandiso: Huropi, iyo inoverenga zvirongwa, inoita kuverenga kwekududzira, uye inopa mafambiro emirairo.
· Servo System: Iwo mamhasuru, ayo anotyaira kufamba chaiko kweiyo axis mota
· Mechanical Muviri: Maraka, kusanganisira mubhedha, njanji, bhora screw, uye spindle.
#CNCMachineTools #CNCCoreSystems #FANUCSiemens #FiveAxisMachining #SyntecSystem #CNCTechnology #CNCMachining
