Wake wazibuza ukuthi kwenzekani ngemva kokucindezela inkinobho ethi "Cycle Start"? Uma ucindezela inkinobho eluhlaza "CYCLE QALA" kuphaneli yokusebenza, ithuluzi lomshini liqala ukuhamba ngokohlelo. Yonke le nqubo ibonakala “inomlingo” - kodwa ngemuva kwayo kunohlelo oluqinile olusebenzisanayo: ingxenye eyodwa ifunda uhlelo, enye iguqula iziqondiso zibe amasignali kagesi, enye ishayela injini ukuze ijikelezise, enye ibona ngokuqhubekayo impendulo yendawo, kanti enye ilawula isipholile kanye noshintsho lwethuluzi...
Lezi "izingxenye ezithile" ziyizinhlelo ezinhlanu ezibalulekile zamathuluzi omshini we-CNC. Ukuqonda lezi zinhlelo ezinhlanu akukhona nje ukwanelisa ilukuluku — lapho ithuluzi lomshini liphuka, ungakwazi ukwahlulela cishe ukuthi inkinga ikusiphi; lapho ufunda ulwazi olujulile, uzoba nohlaka olucacile lokuqonda okuqukethwe okusha.
Isistimu 1: Idivayisi ye-CNC (Isilawuli se-CNC) — “Ingqondo” Yethuluzi Lomshini
(Umthombo wesithombe: Siemens) Idivayisi ye-CNC iwumgogodla walo lonke ithuluzi lomshini, okuyilokho esivame ukukubiza ngokuthi “isistimu ye-CNC” noma isilawuli se-CNC. Inqubo yayo yokusebenza imi kanje:
Ukufunda uhlelo: Funda uhlelo lwe-NC kumemori, ikhadi le-CF noma isixhumi esibonakalayo senethiwekhi
Ukukhipha ikhodi: Iziqondiso "Humusha" njengekhodi ye-G kanye ne-M-code kudatha isistimu engayicubungula ngaphakathi
Ukubala kokuhumusha: Ngokwemiyalo yokunyakaza, bala ukuthi i-eksisi ngayinye idinga ukuhamba malini kuyunithi yesikhathi ngasinye (lesi ukubala okuwumongo - ukubola “kusuka endaweni A kuye ku-B” kube izinyathelo ezincane ezingenakubalwa)
Ukukhipha imiyalelo yokulawula: Thumela inani lokunyakaza le-eksisi ngayinye ohlelweni lwe-servo ngendlela yamasignali kagesi
Ukuxhumanisa imisebenzi yokusiza: Lawula imisebenzi yekhodi ye-M njengejubane lokuphotha, ukushintsha kwamathuluzi, nokupholisa
Idivayisi ye-CNC ayigcini nje ngokwenza uhlelo, kodwa futhi ithola impendulo yendawo yesikhathi sangempela ku-eksisi ngayinye futhi ilungise ukuchezuka kokunyakaza nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Iphaneli yokusebenza nesikrini sokubonisa ovamise ukusibona ethuluzini lomshini kuwukusebenzisana kwekhompuyutha yomuntu yedivayisi ye-CNC - ufaka izinhlelo, uguqule imingcele, futhi uhlole izixhumanisi kuso sonke lesi sixhumanisi ukuze uxhumane nedivayisi ye-CNC.
Isistimu 2: I-Servo System - "Imisipha" Yethuluzi Lomshini
Idivayisi ye-CNC ikhipha umyalelo othi "i-X-axis ihamba ngo-0.001mm", kodwa lo myalelo udinga ukuguqulwa ube ukunyakaza kwangempela komshini yisistimu ye-servo. (Umthombo wesithombe: FANUC)
Uhlelo lwe-servo luqukethe izingxenye ezimbili:
I-Servo Drive: Ithola isignali yokulawula ethunyelwe idivayisi ye-CNC, iyikhulise, futhi iyiguqule ibe amandla kagesi ukushayela injini. Ilingana nokunemba "isikhulisi samandla".
I-Servo Motor: Iguqula amandla kagesi abe ukunyakaza okujikelezayo. Umehluko phakathi kwe-servo motor kanye nenjini evamile ukuthi i-servo motor inesishumeki sendawo esakhelwe ngaphakathi, esingalawula kahle i-engeli yokuzungeza, futhi isivinini sayo sokuphendula sishesha kakhulu - ingaqala, ime noma iguqule isivinini ngama-millisecond.
Amathuluzi omshini we-CNC ngokuvamile anamasethi amaningi wezinhlelo ze-servo:
I-servo eyodwa yokuphakelayo ye-X-eksisi ngayinye, i-Y-eksisi, ne-Z-eksisi: Ilawula ukunyakaza kwethuluzi netafula lokusebenza
I-Spindle servo: Ilawula isivinini sokujikeleza kwe-spindle (ithuluzi)
Ukugxila kwe-spindle servo kanye ne-feed servo kuhluke kancane: i-servo yokuphakelayo iphishekela ukunemba kwesikhundla (inani lokunyakaza kufanele libe nenembile), futhi i-spindle servo iphishekela ukuzinza kwesivinini (ijubane kufanele libe njalo ngesikhathi sokusika, futhi alikwazi ukuguquguquka ngenxa yezinguquko kumandla okusika). Kumathuluzi omshini wama-eksisi amahlanu, kukhona amasethi amabili engeziwe wesistimu ye-servo ukulawula izimbazo zokuzungezisa (A/B/C izimbazo), futhi kungase kube namasethi angu-5 kuya kwangu-6 ama-servo asebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Uhlelo 3: Umzimba Wemishini Yethuluzi Lomshini - Uhlaka Lwamathambo Namalunga
I-servo motor ikhiqiza ukunyakaza okujikelezayo, kodwa ithuluzi lomshini lenza ukunyakaza okuqondile kanye nokuma okujikelezayo kwethuluzi. Kuyadingeka ukuguqula ukujikeleza kwemoto kube ukunyakaza okunembile kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zethuluzi lomshini, elincike emzimbeni wemishini. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zomzimba wemishini:
Umbhede / Uhlaka: Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sethuluzi lomshini, ngokuvamile elenziwe ngensimbi ecijile noma ipuleti lensimbi elishiselwe. Umbhede omuhle unokuqina okuphezulu nokumelana nokudlidliza okuhle, okuyisisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukunemba kokucubungula. (Umshini wokubona wemigqa emibili nowodwa oqinile wama-axis amathathu)
Umhlahlandlela Womugqa / Indlela: "Ithrekhi" eqondisa ikhanda lokusebenzisa kanye nekhanda lokuphotha ukuze lihambe liye endaweni ethile. Izikhungo zemishini yesimanje ngokuvamile zisebenzisa imihlahlandlela elandelanayo, enokungqubuzana okuncane, ukunemba okuphezulu nokuphendula okusheshayo. Amathuluzi omshini wokunemba okuphezulu azosebenzisa imihlahlandlela ye-hydrostatic ecishe ibe yiziro.
I-Ball Screw: Ingxenye ewumgogodla eguqula ukunyakaza okujikelezayo kwe-servo motor ibe ukunyakaza okuqondile kwethebula lokusebenza. Isikulufu sebhola sidlulisa amandla ngokugoqeka kwamabhola ensimbi angaphakathi, anokungqubuzana okuncane kakhulu, futhi angafinyelela ukunemba kokuma kwezinga le-micron.
I-Spindle: Ingxenye eyinhloko ebopha ithuluzi futhi ijikeleze ngesivinini esikhulu. Ukunemba (ukuphuma) kwe-spindle kuthinta ngokuqondile ukunemba kokucubungula, futhi isivinini esiphezulu se-spindle sinquma isivinini ongasicubungula. Ama-spindle anesivinini esikhulu angafinyelela ku-40,000 rpm noma ngaphezulu. (Umthombo wesithombe: Luoyi)
Uhlelo 4: Uhlelo Lokuthola kanye Nempendulo — Amehlo Okulawula Iluphu Evaliwe
Lolu uhlelo olubucayi kakhulu abaqalayo abaningi abangazi okuningi ngalo. Uhlelo lwe-CNC lutshela i-servo motor ukuthi "ijikelezise amajika ayi-10", kodwa yazi kanjani ukuthi injini isizungezise ukuphenduka okuyi-10 ngempela? Ingabe ithuluzi selihambe ngempela ibanga olicelile? Incike ekutholeni nasekuphenduleni uhlelo, umsebenzi wayo uwukukala indawo yangempela ngesikhathi sangempela bese uyibuyisela kudivayisi ye-CNC, okuvumela isistimu ukuthi ilungise ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuchezuka ngokwephutha.
Lo mjikelezo “wokukhipha imiyalelo → ukwenza → ukuthola amanani angempela → ukuqhathanisa ukuchezuka → imiyalelo yokulungisa” ubizwa ngokuthi ukulawulwa kweluphu evaliwe, okuyindlela eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa ukunemba kwe-CNC.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezingxenye zokuthola ezivame ukusetshenziswa:
I-Rotary Encoder: Ifakwe ku-servo motor shaft ukuze kutholwe i-engeli yokuzungezisa imoto. Njengoba ithola isiphetho senjini kunesiphetho esingasetshenzwa, asekhona amaphutha afana ne-screw elastic deformation, okungeye-semi-closed-loop control. Izikhungo eziningi zemishini zamukela lolu hlelo, futhi ukunemba kokuma ngokuvamile kuba ±0.005~0.01mm.
Isikali Somugqa: Sifakwe ngokuqondile eduze kwesitimela sethuluzi lomshini ukukala ukugudluzwa komugqa kwangempela kwethebula lokusebenza. Ngenxa yokuthi ikala ngokuqondile indawo yethebula lokusebenzela, iqeda amaphutha kuzixhumanisi zokudlulisela ezifana nesikulufu sebhola, okungesokulawulwa kweluphu evalwe ngokugcwele ngokunemba okuphezulu (kufika ku-±0.001mm). Amathuluzi omshini anembe kakhulu namathuluzi omshini wama-eksisi amahlanu ngokuvamile anezikali eziwumugqa. (RENISHAW isikali somugqa)
Isistimu 5: Uhlelo Lokusebenza Olusizayo - Ukunika amandla Ithuluzi Lomshini ukuthi "Lisebenze"
Amasistimu amane okuqala ndawonye aqinisekisa ukuthi ithuluzi lingahamba kahle. Kodwa ukuze uqedele ngempela ukucubungula, kudingeka uchungechunge lwemisebenzi eyisizayo:
I-Automatic Tool Changer (ATC): Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zezikhungo zemishini. Umagazini wamathuluzi ugcina amathuluzi amaningi, futhi isikhohlisi siqedela ngokuzenzakalelayo yonke inqubo ngesikhathi sokushintsha ithuluzi, ngokuvamile kuthatha imizuzwana embalwa. Amandla omagazini wamathuluzi asukela ku-8 kuye kwangaphezu kwamathuluzi ayi-100.
Isistimu Yokupholisa: Ukushisa okuningi kukhiqizwa phakathi kwethuluzi nesiqeshana somsebenzi ngesikhathi sokucubungula. Isipholisi sinesibopho sokupholisa, ukuthambisa kanye nokususwa kwe-chip. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zihlanganisa ukupholisa isifutho sangaphandle, ukupholisa kwangaphakathi (ukufafaza ngokuqondile endaweni yokusika ngembobo yokuphotha kanye nesikhungo samathuluzi), njll.
I-Pneumatic/Hydraulic System: Isetshenziselwa izenzo ezidinga amandla amakhulu njengokubopha izinto zokusebenza, izenzo zokushintsha amathuluzi, nokukhululwa kwamathuluzi okuphotha.
I-PLC (I-Programmable Logic Controller): Idivayisi ye-CNC ilawula kuphela ukulawula ukunyakaza, kuyilapho inani elikhulu lokulawula inani lokushintsha ethuluzini lomshini (ukushintsha kwethuluzi, ukushintsha okupholile, ukuvala isivalo sokuvikela, njll.) kusingathwa yi-PLC eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. I-PLC kanye nedivayisi ye-CNC kuyasebenzisana ukwakha uhlelo oluphelele lokulawula ithuluzi lomshini.
Ukugeleza Kwesiginali Kwezinhlelo Ezinhlanu Eziyinhloko (Qonda Ngokubheka)
Inqubo yokusebenza yesistimu yonke ingaqondwa ngochungechunge lwesignali: lokhu yikho konke okwenzekayo ngemva "kokucindezela ukuqala komjikelezo", inqubo eqondile yokulawula iluphu evaliwe ephindaphinda izinkulungwane zezikhathi ngomzuzwana.
Isingeniso kuma-Mainstream CNC System Brands
Ngemva kokuqonda indima yedivayisi ye-CNC, ake sazi imikhiqizo eyinhloko emakethe:
I-FANUC: Ibhrendi yase-Japan enesabelo esikhulu semakethe yomhlaba wonke kanye nezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuhlala ezimbonini zasekhaya. Uhlelo luzinzile futhi luthembekile, lunohlelo oluphelele lwe-ecosystem yobuchwepheshe, okulwenza lube yisinqumo sokuqala sokufunda ezingeni lokungena (izibonelo zokusebenza ezilandelayo kulolu chungechunge zizogxila kakhulu ku-FANUC).
I-Siemens SINUMERIK: Ibhrendi yesiJalimane, ukucushwa okujwayelekile kwamathuluzi omshini wesitayela sase-Europe. I-SINUMERIK ONE iyisistimu yokufaka ithuluzi lomshini eliphezulu elinemisebenzi enamandla nokusekelwa okuphelele kwama-eksisi amahlanu, kodwa ijika lokufunda lingumqansa. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zezimoto zasekhaya kanye ne-aerospace.
I-Heidenhain TNC: Umkhiqizo waseJalimane ogxile ezikhungweni zokugaywa kwemishini, enosekelo olucwengisiswe kakhulu lwe-eksisi emihlanu, kanye nedumela eliphezulu ku-aerospace nezinkambu zesikhunta esinembayo.
Imikhiqizo yasekhaya ithuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva, futhi abameleli abakhulu balandelayo:
| Ibhrendi | Inkampani Esebenzisana nayo | Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko | Ukuma Kwemakethe | Ukusekelwa kwe-Five-Axis |
| Uhlobo lwe-Huazhong 9 | I-Huazhong CNC | I-CPU yasekhaya, ezimele futhi iyalawuleka | Isiphetho esimaphakathi kuya kokuphansi, ukushintshwa kwasekhaya | Okujwayelekile |
| I-GSK | I-Guangzhou CNC | Inzuzo yentengo, izinsiza eziphelele zokusekela | Amathuluzi emishini yezomnotho | Okujwayelekile |
| Intengo ye-GNC62 | I-CNC | Ukuxhumana kwe-axis emihlanu kanye nokucubungula okuhlanganisiwe kwe-turn-mill | Imakethe yemali ephakathi kuya kwephezulu | Kuhle |
| I-Syntec | I-Syntec Technology | Ukuhambisana okuqinile kwe-CAM, isixhumi esibonakalayo esisebenziseka kalula | Emaphethelweni amaphakathi, akhula ngokushesha kakhulu emkhakheni wama-eksisi amahlanu | Kuhle |
Ukugxila Okukhethekile: Isistimu ye-Syntec — Amandla Ayinhloko We-Domestic Five-Axis
Phakathi kwezinhlelo eziningi zasekhaya ze-CNC, i-Syntec isebenze ngokugqama kakhulu emkhakheni wokucubungula wama-eksisi amahlanu eminyakeni yamuva nje futhi isibe enye yezinhlelo ezinezinga eliphezulu lokufakwa kwamathuluzi asekhaya angama-axis amahlanu.
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko ze-Syntec yilezi: ukusebenzisana kwesofthiwe ye-CAM okuqine kakhulu, ukusekela okukhiphayo ngemva kokucubungula cishe kwayo yonke isofthiwe ye-CAM evamile; Ikhodi ye-G ihambisana ngokuyisisekelo nezinhlelo ze-FANUC CNC, isixhumi esibonakalayo sisebenziseka kalula kwabaqalayo, futhi izindleko zokufunda ziphansi kunezinhlelo zendabuko zaseYurophu nezaseMelika; ngesikhathi esifanayo, yenza ngokuzinza emisebenzini ebalulekile njenge-RTCP ye-axis emihlanu kanye nokulawula i-eksisi yamathuluzi, okuyisizathu esibalulekile sokuthi kungani inani elikhulu labakhiqizi bamathuluzi omshini wama-axis amahlanu bakhethe i-Syntec njengohlelo lokumisa olujwayelekile.
Uma wena noma inkampani yakho nihlela ukuthenga ithuluzi lasekhaya le-axis emihlanu, noma nifuna ukuqonda isimo sokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zasekhaya, ungakwazi ukunaka uhlelo lwe-Syntec, olunezinsiza zokufunda eziningi ku-inthanethi. Emibukisweni esebenzayo elandelayo yalolu chungechunge, sizophinde sicabangele ukungeza izibonelo zokusebenza zesistimu ye-Syntec.
Isifinyezo salesi sihloko
· Idivayisi ye-CNC: Ingqondo, efunda izinhlelo, yenza izibalo zokuhumusha, futhi ikhiphe imiyalelo yokunyakaza
· I-Servo System: Imisipha, eshayela ukunyakaza okunembile kwe-axis motor ngayinye
· Umzimba Wemishini: Uhlaka lwamathambo, okuhlanganisa umbhede, isitimela sokuqondisa, isikulufu sebhola, kanye nokuphotha
#CNCMachineTools #CNCCoreSystems #FANUCSiemens #FiveAxisMachining #SyntecSystem #CNCTechnology #CNCMachining
