Yonke iphrojekthi enkulu yokukhiqiza iqala kudala ngaphambi kokuba insimbi ishaye umshini we-CNC. Iqala phansi emhlabathini. Njengomkhiqizi wamathuluzi okusika anembe kakhulu, ngivame ukucabanga ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezenza imboni yethu yenzeke. Ngaphambi kokuba sishicilele i-turbine blade noma isikhunta, othile kufanele athole itshe lensimbi. Lona umhlaba we ukuhlola amaminerali.
Ukuhlola amaminerali wukusesha okuhlelekile kwezinto ezingambiwa futhi zicutshungulwe ngokwezomnotho. Kungumdlalo osezingeni eliphezulu wesayensi, ubuchwepheshe, kanye ne-intuition. Lesi sihloko kufanele sifundwe ngoba sihlehlisa izingqimba zomhlaba ukuze sikubonise ukuthi sikhomba kanjani amadiphozi amaminerali angenzeka. Sizobheka izindlela ezahlukene esetshenziswa, kusukela imephu ye-geological ukuya phambili ukuhlola kwe-geophysical, futhi uchaze ukuthi kungani i ukubhoboza uhlala ungumkhulumeli weqiniso omkhulu embonini yezimayini.
Kuyini ukuhlola amaminerali futhi kungani kubalulekile?
Ukuhlola amaminerali akukhona nje ukuzulazula nepiki. Kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, enezigaba eziningi eklanyelwe ukuthola a idiphozithi yamaminerali lokho kukhulu futhi kucebe ngokwanele ukuba nami. Ngaphandle imisebenzi yokuhlola, ukutholakala kwethusi, i-lithium, insimbi, nezakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane bekuyokoma. Lokhu kuzomisa yonke into kusukela ekukhiqizeni ama-electronics kuya ekwakhiweni.
Inqubo iqala ngombono obanzi, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi a ithemba. Inkampani ihlonza isifunda esinelungelo i-geology ukusingatha amaminerali abalulekile. Bese benciphisa ngokuhlelekile indawo yokusesha. Umgomo uwukunciphisa ubungozi bezigaba ezibizayo, njengokumba, ngokuqoqa idatha eningi ngangokunokwenzeka kuqala. Iphumelele amaphrojekthi wokuhlola ziwumgogodla wokuphila komnotho womhlaba, zihlinzeka ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zayo yonke into esiyakhayo.
Ngaphambi kokuba kufike noma yimuphi umshini osindayo, a isazi sokuma komhlaba ishaya phansi. Imephu ye-geological yimibhalo ehlelekile ye izinhlobo zamadwala kanye nezakhiwo ezivezwe phezulu. Ngokuhamba phansi, izazi zokwakheka komhlaba zingakwazi ukuhlonza izimpawu ezibonakalayo zamaminerali, njengamaphethini athile okushintsha noma ukwakheka kwamatshe okwaziwayo ukuthi abamba. imizimba yensimbi.
Lokhu i-surface geology inikeza imikhondo yokuqala mayelana indawo engaphansi. I isazi sokuma komhlaba irekhoda ukuma kwezingqimba zamadwala, amaphutha, nokugoqa. Lokhu ulwazi lwe-geological kubalulekile. Kusiza iqembu ukuthi liqonde umlando womhlaba futhi libikezele ukuthi izimbiwa zingase zicashe kuphi ngaphansi komhlaba. Umsebenzi obiza kancane, onenani eliphezulu oqondisa konke imisebenzi yokuhlola elandelayo.
Iyiphi indima edlalwa ukuhlolwa kwe-geochemical ekuhlonzeni amandla amaminerali?
Izinsimbi azihlali phezulu ngaso sonke isikhathi; bavame ukungcwatshwa ngaphansi inhlabathi noma izimila. Lapha kulapho ukuhlola kwe-geochemical ngena. Njengoba amatshe ezulu eshintshashintsha futhi ephuka, adedela amanani amancane ezinsimbi endaweni ezungezile. Isampula ye-geochemical kuhlanganisa ukuqoqa inhlabathi, inhlabathi, noma ama-rock chips ukuhlola lezi zakhi zokulandelela.
Ochwepheshe bangase basebenzise abahlaziyi be-XRF ephathekayo ensimini ukuze uthole imiphumela esheshayo, noma uthumele amasampula elebhu. Bafuna “okudidayo”—izindawo lapho ukugxila kwensimbi eqondiwe kuphezulu kuneleveli yangemuva. Isibonelo, amazinga ethusi aphezulu emfudlaneni inhlabathi isampula lingabonisa idiphozi yethusi enhla nomfula. I-Geochemical izindlela ezivumela izinkampani ukuthi khomba futhi uhlole izimbiwa ezingaba khona okuhlosiwe ngaphandle kokumba imigodi ejulile okwamanje.
Izinhlolovo ze-geophysical zembula kanjani i-geology engezansi?
Ngenkathi i-geochemistry ibheka i-chemistry, ukuhlola kwe-geophysical buka i-physics. Lezi zinhlolovo ukukala ngokomzimba izakhiwo zamatshe, njenge-magnetism, ukuminyana, kanye ukumelana nogesi. Izindlela ze-Geophysical zisivumele ukuba “sibone” ngaphansi komhlaba ngaphandle kokubhidliza inhlabathi, njengoba nje i-X-ray ibona ngaphakathi emzimbeni.
Izinhlolovo ze-Geophysical kungenziwa emoyeni (emoyeni), phansi, noma phansi ukubhoboza umgodi. Basiza ukuchaza usayizi nokuma kwe izakhiwo ze-geological lokho kungase kuphathe amaminerali. Ngokuhlanganisa i-geochemical kanye ne-geophysical idatha, amaqembu okuhlola angakha ikesi eliphoqelelayo lokuthi abeke kuphi imishini yawo. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kunciphisa ukuqagela okuhilelekile ekutholeni a idiphozithi yamaminerali.
Kungani kusetshenziswa inhlolovo kazibuthe nekagesi ekuhloleni amaminerali?
Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu yi- kazibuthe inhlolovo. Izinhlolovo zikamagnetic ziyakala ukuhlukahluka kwe Insimu kazibuthe yomhlaba kubangelwa amaminerali kazibuthe njenge-magnetite noma i-pyrrhotite. Lezi zinhlolovo zinhle kakhulu ekwenzeni imephu izinhlobo ezahlukene zamadwala namaphutha afihlwe ngaphansi inhlabathi.
I-electromagnetic (EM) izinhlolovo nazo zibanzi esetshenziswa kumaminerali ukuhlola. Lezi zinhlolovo zisebenzisa i-current induced ukuthola conductive imizimba ngaphansi komhlaba. Amadiphozithi amakhulu e-sulfide (acebile ngethusi, umthofu, ne-zinc) ngokuvamile asebenza kakhulu. Lapho i-EM inhlolovo ikhanyisa indawo ethile, iyinkomba eqinile ye amandla amaminerali. Lezi izinhlolovo zikala ukuhluka ukuthi iso lomuntu alikwazi nje ukubona.
Ingabe izinhlolovo zokuzamazama komhlaba namandla adonsela phansi zinganikeza umbono wezinhlangothi ezintathu?
Ukuze uthole izakhiwo ezijulile noma ezinkulu, izazi ze-geologists ziphendukela ku zokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nezinhlolovo zamandla adonsela phansi. Izinhlolovo zamandla adonsela phansi ukukala umehluko omncane wokudonsela phansi komhlaba okubangelwa ukuhlukahluka kwedwala ukuminyana. Kuminyene imizimba yensimbi, njenge-iron ore, izodala i-positive anomaly yamandla adonsela phansi.
Izinhlolovo zokuzamazama komhlaba ziyahlinzeka isithombe esinemininingwane ye i-subsurface geology. Ngokuthumela amaza omsindo emhlabathini nokulinganisa ukuthi ahlehla kanjani, izazi zokwakheka komhlaba zingakwazi ukwenza imephu ye-stratigraphy namaphutha. Le datha ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukudala ezintathu-ntathu amamodeli a umcengezi noma idiphozi. Ngenkathi zokuzamazama komhlaba kuyabiza futhi kudinga ukucutshungulwa kwedatha okubalulekile, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda ukwakheka okujulile kwe amadiphozi amaminerali angenzeka.
Kuyini ukubaluleka kokugenca kanye nokugoba?
Ngaphambi kokuletha i-drill rig enkulu, ngokuvamile kuwukuhlakanipha ukwenza okuthile ukucwilisa kanye nokubhoboza. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa i-excavator ukumba umsele omude noma umgodi ngaphesheya i-geochemical okungaqondakali. Inhloso ukuveza idwala elingaphansi inhlabathi kanye nekhava.
Ukuthungatha nokugoba vumela i isazi sokuma komhlaba ukubona i izinhlobo zamadwala nezakhiwo endaweni. Bangathatha amasampula eziteshi aqhubekayo emseleni ukuze bathole umbono ongcono we okuqukethwe kwamaminerali. Kuyibhuloho phakathi kwemephu yendawo kanye nokubhola. Iqinisekisa uma i-anomaly in the inhlabathi iqhamuka etsheni elingaphansi ngokuqondile noma uma ithuthwe isuka kwenye indawo.
I-drill iqinisekisa kanjani ukuba khona komzimba we-ore?
Ekugcineni, awukwazi ukumba i-anomaly kazibuthe noma isampula yomhlabathi. Kufanele ubone idwala. I ukubhoboza iyithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu ku- inqubo yokuhlola. Izindlela zokumba ziyahlukahluka, kodwa ezimbili ezivame kakhulu kukhona reverse circulation drilling (RC) kanye ne-diamond core drilling.
Ukumba idayimane kuhilela ukukhipha i-cylindrical amasampula angumongo yedwala eliqinile. Lo mgogodla unikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nokuthungwa kwedwala, ukwakheka, kanye nebanga. Njengomkhiqizi we I-Cemented Carbide Gun Drill Bit kanye namanye amathuluzi asebenza kahle kakhulu, siyayiqonda ingcindezi ebekwe kulezi zingcezu. Kumelwe banqamule edwaleni eliqinile, elinolaka izinkulungwane zamamitha ukujula. I ukubhoboza inikeza "iqiniso" mayelana ne- idiphozithi yamaminerali. Iqinisekisa ukujula, ukujiya, kanye nekhwalithi ye insimbi.
Yiziphi izivivinyo zomthelela kwezemvelo ezidingekayo?
Okwesimanje ukuhlola amaminerali ilawulwa ngokuqinile. Ngaphambi kokuthi kwenzeke noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka okukhulu, izinkampani kufanele ziqhube umthelela kwezemvelo ukuhlola. Kumelwe bacabangele izinhlelo zendawo zezitshalo, izilwane, namanzi.
Imisebenzi yokuhlola kumele inciphise umonakalo. Isibonelo, izindlela zokumba akhethiwe ukukhawulela umkhondo. Izinkampani zikhona okudingekayo ukuvuselela izwe ngemva kokuba sebeqedile. Lokhu kufaka i-capping ukubhoboza imigodi, imisele yokugcwalisa, nokutshala kabusha izimila. Ukuvikela amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kusuka ukungcola kuyinto ehamba phambili. Uhlelo lokuhlola olunomthwalo wemfanelo lufakazela ukuthi singakwazi khipha izinsiza ngesikhathi sihlonipha imvelo.
Izinkampani zinquma kanjani ukuthi ithemba lisebenza ngokwezomnotho?
Ukuthola amaminerali kuyinto eyodwa; ukwenza imali kungenye. Ngemva kwe ukubhoboza imiphumela isikhona, idatha ifakwa kumodeli yensiza. Le modeli ilinganisela ithoni kanye nebanga le- imithombo yamaminerali.
Onjiniyela kanye nezazi zokwakheka komhlaba babe sebeqhuba izifundo zokungenzeka. Babheka izindleko khipha i insimbi, i-metallurgical recovery (ingakanani insimbi engahlukaniswa), kanye namanani emakethe amanje. Lokhu ukuthatha izinqumo inqubo inquma ukuthi iphrojekthi isuka kuphi imizamo yokuhlola ku imisebenzi yezimayini. Ingxenye encane kuphela amathemba abake baba yizimayini, kodwa labo abahlinzekayo ngokwezomnotho izinto ezibalulekile umphakathi wethu othembele kuzo.
Emgqeni wami womsebenzi kwa-Drillstar, sizibonela mathupha ukuthi izinga le ukubhoboza kancane kuthinta impumelelo yokuhlola. Noma ngabe i I-Cemented Carbide Ball Izinyo esetshenziswa ku-percussion drilling noma i-precision core bit, ithuluzi kufanele lenze. Uma a ukubhoboza i-bit ihluleka ekujuleni kwembobo, kubiza isikhathi nemali ukuyibuyisela.
Amathuluzi ahambisanayo kuvumela izinkampani zokuhlola ukubhoboza ujule futhi ngokushesha. Sisebenzisa izinto eziphambili ezifana i-tungsten carbide futhi I-Stellite Alloy Welding Electrode izinto zokuqinisekisa ukuthi amathuluzi ethu angakwazi ukumelana nokweqisa abrasive materials etholakala emhlabathini. Amathuluzi athembekile asho amasampula athembekile, futhi amasampula athembekile aholela ezinqumweni ezingcono.
Isifinyezo: Okubalulekile Okuthathwayo Ekuhloleni Amaminerali
Ukuhlola amaminerali isayensi eyinkimbinkimbi, eqhutshwa idatha. Kudinga isineke, ukutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nokubhola okuningi. Nanka amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele uwakhumbule:
- Isisekelo: Imephu ye-geological ubeka inkundla ngokuhlonza indawo izinhlobo zamadwala.
- Ikhemistri: Ucwaningo lwe-geochemical hlaziya inhlabathi futhi inhlabathi ukuthola okudidayo okufihliwe.
- I-Physics: Izinhlolovo ze-Geophysical (Magnetic, Seismic, EM) bona ngaphakathi komhlaba ukwenza imephu indawo engaphansi izakhiwo.
- Umshini Weqiniso: I ukubhoboza kubalulekile. Amasampula abalulekile ziwukuphela kwendlela yokufakazela ibanga nobukhona be imizimba yensimbi.
- Ukusimama: Ukuphatha umthelela kwezemvelo nokuhlelela ukuvuselelwa kuyimpoqo.
- Ezomnotho: Idatha evela imisebenzi yokuhlola inquma ukuthi iphrojekthi iyiyo ngokwezomnotho ikwazi ukusebenza ngezimayini.
Kusukela ekuqaleni inhlabathi isampula ocwaningweni lokugcina lokungenzeka, ukuhlola amaminerali iyinjini eshayela uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka emhlabeni wonke. Iphendulela idwala libe yizinsiza ezakha ikusasa lethu.
