Xa injini isebenza, iphefumla umoya omtsha ize ikhuphe iigesi ezishushu kangangezihlandlo ezingamawaka ngomzuzu ngamnye. I-symphony yoomatshini elawula oku kuphefumla yaziwa ngokuba yi uloliwe wevalvu. Eli nqaku lifanelekile ukuba ulifunde kuba ukwazi kakuhle ubuchwephesha bevalvetrain kukunika inzuzo enkulu kuxilongo kunye nokugcinwa. Ngokuqonda indlela efanelekileyo lungisa ivalve kunye nokuqonda umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kweziphakamisi eziqinileyo nezizaliswe lulwelo, unokunqanda ukonakaliswa kwexabiso eliphezulu kwaye ugcine oomatshini bakho besebenza ngenzuzo ephezulu.
Yintoni kanye kanye i-tappet kwi-injini yokutsha yangaphakathi?
Ukuba udiliza ibhlokhi ye-injini yakudala, uya kufumana uluhlu lweekomityi zentsimbi ezincinci, ezisilinda. A tappet, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-a umphakamisi okanye a umlandeli wecam, ngoyena mntu ubalulekileyo ophakathi kwi-architecture ye-valvetrain. Ihlala ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphakathi kwibhore eyenziwe ngoomatshini ngokuchanekileyo ebekwe kwibhloko yenjini okanye intloko yesilinda.
Umsebenzi ophambili we-tappet kukuqhuba ngokuqhubekayo nangokutyibilikayo landela ikhamera njengoko ijikeleza. Njengoko imilo ye-eccentric yecam ijikeleza ngeenxa zonke, i-tappet ikhwela iprofayili yayo. I-tappet ithatha loo ntshukumo ijikelezayo ejikelezayo kwaye ngoko nangoko iyiguqulele kwisindululo somgca, phezulu naphantsi. Ngaphandle kweli candelo lomelele ngokumangalisayo lisebenza njengesithinteli, ukukhuhlana okunamandla kwekhamera ejikelezayo kunokutshabalalisa isinyithi esithambileyo samanye amalungu.
Ngenxa yokuba phezulu kwetappet ijongana nokunxiba okukhulu okukhubekisayo, ihlala iqina okanye yenziwe ngezinto ezikwaziyo ukunxiba. Ngapha koko, xa sisenza izixhobo zokusika ezikhethekileyo eDrillstar, njenge Faka isamente Carbide, sisebenzisa eyona migaqo yentsimbi efanayo yobunzima obugqithileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba isixhobo sodlula izinto ezirhawukayo esizisikayo.
Ingaba ikhamera iwenza njani uloliwe oseleyo?
Yonke inkqubo yokuphefumla iqala emazantsi enjini enobunzima crankshaft. Njengoko i-crankshaft ijikeleza, isebenzisa ibhanti lexesha elishinyeneyo okanye ityathanga lentsimbi ukuqhuba cam shaft. Ecaleni kwale shaft kukho amaqhuma amile okweqanda aziwa ngokuba ziilobes. Ngamnye cam lobe yenziwe ngokwemathematika ukulawula kanye xa i-cylinder ethile iphefumla.
Njengoko i-shaft ijikeleza, iphumayo lobe ityhala ngobundlongo ebusweni betapethi. Kuyilo oludala lwe-pushrod, i-tappet inyanzela intsimbi ende intonga yokutyhala phezulu. Oku kunyuka intonga yokutyhala emva koko ujike intsimbi ingalo yerocker. Icala elichaseneyo le ingalo yerocker ujinga phantsi kwaye ucinezele ngamandla kwi phezulu kwesikhondo sevalve.
La mandla okuhla kufuneka omelele ngokwaneleyo ukucinezela unzima, obhijeneyo imithombo yevalvu nokutyhala ngokwasemzimbeni isiko ipapa isimbo ivalve vula. Nje ukuba incopho yecam ijikeleze ngaphaya kwetappet, amandla amakhulu agcinwe kwi imithombo yevalvu ibetha ivalve ngobundlobongela kwakhona, itywine ngokugqibeleleyo igumbi lokutsha. Ukuphumelela vuselela olu landelelwano ngokutyibilikayo kwi-6,000 RPM ifuna umatshini ongenasiphako.
Kutheni le nto ukucocwa kwevalvu ngokuchanekileyo kubaluleke kakhulu?
Ubushushu butshintsha yonke into ekwi-mechanics. Xa i-injini ivutha kwaye ifikelele kwiqondo lobushushu obusebenzayo, ubushushu obukhulu bubangela ukuba iindawo zentsimbi zande ngokwasemzimbeni. I isilinda, iivalve, kunye nebloko zonke zikhula ngobukhulu. Ukuba iinjineli zakha i-valvetrain nge-gap engu-zero xa i-motor ibanda, oku kwandiswa kwe-thermal kuya kubangela ukuba iindawo zibophe ngokuqinileyo.
Ukuba akukho gumbi lishiyekileyo lokuba isinyithi sandise, amacandelo akhulayo aya kubamba ivalve ivuleke kancinane naxa kufuneka ivalwe ngokupheleleyo. Oku kulahleka kwetywina eliqinileyo kuyonakalisa i-injini ngoko nangoko ucinezelo. Okubi kakhulu, iigesi ezivuthayo ezitshisa kakhulu ziya kutshisa indlela yazo ngaphaya komsantsa omncinci, zitshise umngxuma kanye emphethweni wendlela. ivalve yokukhupha.
Ukuthintela le ntlekele, oomatshini bashiya isithuba esincinci, esibaliweyo kunxibelelwano. Lo msantsa ubalulekileyo ubizwa ngokuba yi ukukhutshwa kwevalvu. Ukugcina okugqibeleleyo icace sisiseko esipheleleyo somgangatho ukugcinwa kwemoto. Ukuba i imvume iqine kakhulu, utshisa iivalvu. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba i imvume ityeketyeke kakhulu, loo malungu ayandondela elinye kwelinye. Le meko ekhululekile idala ukucaphukisa, ngokukhawuleza ingxolo yokucofa kwaye ikhokelela ekunxibeni okuqatha, kwangaphambi kwexesha ebusweni becam.
Zintoni iziphakamisi zehydraulic, kwaye zicutha njani ukulungiswa kwemoto?
Ukuze kupheliswe umsebenzi odinayo wokusoloko uhlengahlengisa iindawo ezivulekileyo ngesandla, kwavela iinjineli ezikrelekrele iziphakamisi zehydraulic. A tappet hydraulic isebenzisa unikezelo lwe-oyile olucinezelekileyo lwe-injini ukuze ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye ngokuqhubekayo ithathe nakuphi na ukudodobala kwinkqubo.
Ngaphakathi komzimba ka tappet hydraulic, kukho ipiston encinci yangaphakathi kunye nevalve yokujonga indlela enye. Xa ikhamera ijikeleza kwaye isusa uxinzelelo kwisiphakamisi, i-oyile ye-injini yoxinzelelo ingena ngaphakathi. Oku uxinzelelo lwehydraulic impompa ipiston yangaphakathi ukuya phezulu de yonke imvumelwano ihambe ngokupheleleyo.
Ngokuba iiteyiphu zehydraulic ukuziqhelanisa ngokuguquguqukayo kutshintsho lobushushu kunye nokunxiba ngokwasemzimbeni, bagcina i-zero ngokugqibeleleyo ivalve ngamaxesha onke. Iziphakamisi ze-hydraulic yenza umatshini othule kakuhle, oqhuba kakuhle kwaye ususe ngokupheleleyo imfuno yohlengahlengiso lwezandla. Kumqhubi wemihla ngemihla, oku "yifake kwaye uyilibale" ukuthembeka kukutshintsha ngokupheleleyo umdlalo.
Ingaba iitephu eziqinileyo zemanuwali zithelekiseka njani kulungiselelo lolwelo oluqhutywa ngamanzi?
Ngelixa a hydraulic ukuseta akunasiphako kwimoto yabahambi, inobuthathaka obahlukileyo kwizicelo zomdyarho wesantya esiphezulu. Kwii-RPM ezigqithiseleyo, ukukhawuleza kweoli yeoli kunokubangela ukuba umphakamisi ogcwele ulwelo "apompe" kwaye abambe iivalve ezivulekileyo, ezikhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla entlekele. Ukulwa noku, abakhi beenjini zomdyarho baxhomekeke kuphela kwinto eqinileyo iitapethi.
Iziphakamisi eziqinileyo ziyiloo nto kanye ezivakala ngayo—iisilinda zentsimbi eyomeleleyo. Abakwazi ukuwa okanye ukumpompa phantsi koxinzelelo olugqithisileyo. Oku kuqina kuqinisekisa ivalve ilandela iprofayili yecam ngokuchanekileyo, nakwi-9,000 RPM. Oku kuthintela ngokupheleleyo imeko eyonakalisayo eyaziwa ngokuba ukudada ivelufa, apho ivalve enzima ayinako ukuvala ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuze ihambisane nekhamera ejikelezayo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuqhuba iziphakamisi eziqinileyo kuthetha ukwamkela umthwalo onzima wokulungisa. Bafuna rhoqo, ngenyameko incwadi yesandla ukulungiswa kwetappet. Oomatshini kufuneka bavule rhoqo izigqubuthelo zevalvu kwaye balinganise ngokwasemzimbeni umsantsa ophakathi kwesivalo ikhamera kunye nevalve amacandelo okuqinisekisa ukuba ihlala ingaphakathi kwinkcazelo yomzi-mveliso.
Yeyiphi indima edlalwa iipushrods kunye nengalo yerocker kuyilo oludala?
Ukuba uvula ihood kwimoto ye-American V8 muscle yakudala, ujonge ivalve yesiqhelo (OHV) pushrod injini. Kulo mzekelo, enye icamshaft ungcwatywe nzulu kumbindi omnyama webloko yenjini.
Ngenxa yokuba i-camshaft ikude kakhulu kwi-valve ekwintloko ye-cylinder, i-injini ixhomekeke kwintsimbi ende, engenanto. iipushrods ukuvala umgama omkhulu. Umphakamisi ukhwele icam ezantsi kwibhloko, atyhale intonga yokutyhala phezulu, kwaye intonga incam i iroki phezulu phezulu.
Aba badala iivalvetrains zixinene ngendlela emangalisayo kwaye zomelele ngokumangalisayo. Bavelisa itorque enkulu enesiphelo esisezantsi. Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezo zixhobo zinzima, ezihambayo zentsimbi zenza ubunzima obuninzi be-valvetrain. Ukushukuma kwentsimbi enzima ngokukhawuleza kufuna amandla, kwaye obo bunzima bugqithileyo bunciphisa kanobom ukukhawuleza kwe-injini ye-pushrod enokuthi iphindeke ngokukhuselekileyo phambi kokuba iindawo ezinzima ziqale ukugoba kunye nokutsiba ngaphandle kolawulo.
Ingaba uyilo lwe-overhead cam (OHC) lwahluka njani kwiinjini ze-pushrod zesintu?
Ukusombulula ingxaki yobunzima kunye nokuvula isantya esiphezulu se-injini, ishishini leemoto litshintshele kwi ikhamera ephezulu uyilo. Ngokutsala i-camshaft kwibhloko kwaye ibekwe ngokuthe ngqo phezu kwentloko ye-cylinder, iinjineli zaphelisa imfuno ye-pushrods enzima.
Kwi-a ikhamera enye ephezulu (sohc) Uyilo, icamshaft enye ihlala ngokuthe ngqo ngaphezulu kweevalvu, ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa encinci iroki ukuvuselela omabini amacala okuthatha kunye nokukhupha. Kwikhamera engaphezulu ephindwe kabini (dohc) ukuseta, kukho ii-camshafts ezimbini ezihlukeneyo kwibhanki ye-cylinder-enye kuphela i-valve yokungena kunye neyodwa i-exhaust valves.
Inzuzo enkulu ye ohc kwaye ngokukodwa sohc kwaye dohc Uyilo lucutho olumandla kwiindawo ezihambayo. Umgama phakathi kwe camshaft kunye nevalve mfutshane ngendlela emangalisayo. Ngokwenza ngokuthe ngqo iinjini zeekhamera, i-lobe icofa ngokuthe ngqo kwisimbo sebhakethi umlandeli wecam ehlala ngqo phezu kwesikhondo sevalve. Oku kukhaphukhaphu kakhulu, kuseto olungqongqo luvumela iimoto zemidlalo zanamhlanje ukuba zikhala zidlule kwi-8,000 RPM ngokuthembeka okungenasiphako.
Ukuba ungumnikazi wesithuthuthu okanye umatshini osebenza kakhulu oneziphakamisi eziqinileyo, ukwenza a ukulungiswa kwetappet sisakhono esisisinyanzelo. Injongo kukuseta ngokugqibeleleyo umsantsa ukwenzela ukuba xa injini ishushu, ukucocwa ngokwemvelo kuvala ukuya kutsho ku-zero ngaphandle kokubopha.
Okokuqala, kufuneka ujikelezise i-crankshaft engundoqo ngesandla de kube yinto ethile ipiston usebenza kwiZiko eliPhezulu labafileyo (tdc) kuyo ucinezelo istroke. Nge tdc, zombini iivalve zivaliwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye umphakamisi uphumle kwi-flat, isangqa sesiseko sekhamera. Le kuphela kwendawo ekhuselekileyo yokulinganisa isithuba.
Emva koko, uthatha isixhobo sokulinganisa intsimbi esincinci, esichanekileyo esibizwa ngokuba yi-a igeyiji yokuziva. Uyilayita i umntu ozivayo ngqo phakathi kwencam yevalve kunye nerocker esebenzayo. Kufuneka ityibilikele ngapha nangapha ngokuxhathisa kancinane, okugudileyo ukutsala. Ukuba a imvakalelo yokuziva uziva ukhululekile kakhulu okanye uzibophelela ngokupheleleyo, umsantsa awulunganga.
Ukuba ufuna njalo lungisa i tappet, udla ngokuthatha encinci isitshisi, khulula i-nut yokutshixa kwi-rocker, kwaye ujike iziko elinemisonto umlungisi screw de imvume ihambelana nomzi-mveliso ngqo spec.
Ayizizo zonke iziphakamisi eziqinileyo ezisebenzisa isikrufu sokulungelelanisa esinemisonto esifanelekileyo. Iinjini ezininzi zekhamera eziphezulu ezisebenza ngokuthe ngqo zisebenzisa iziphakamisi eziqinileyo zamabhakethi. Kolu cwangciso, ukuya lungisa ivalve imvume, kufuneka utshintshe ngokwasemzimbeni ubukhulu bediski encinci yentsimbi ebizwa ngokuba yi-a Shim.
I Shim uhlala ngokuthe ngqo phezu kwebhakethi okanye ngaphantsi kwayo, uphumle kwisiqu sevalve. Ukuba umlinganiselo wakho ubonisa i imvume ixinene kakhulu, kufuneka uyisuse ekhoyo Shim kwaye endaweni yayo ufake ebhityileyo kancinci.
Ukutshintsha ezi shim kudla ngokufuna a isixhobo esikhethekileyo ukucinezela ngokwasemzimbeni imithombo enzima ezantsi ukuze ukwazi ukuncothula i-shim ngononophelo ngemagnethi. Yinkqubo edinayo, enezibalo eziphezulu. Kuya kufuneka ulinganise ngononophelo ishim endala, ubale umahluko ofunekayo, kwaye ufake entsha. Nangona kunjalo, xa sele isetiwe, uyilo lwe-shim-ngaphantsi-emele luzinze ngendlela emangalisayo kwaye alufane luphume kuhlengahlengiso.
Kwenzeka ntoni xa ivalve idibana phakathi kwe-inlet kunye ne-exhaust strokes?
Ixesha le-injini ngumdaniso omangalisayo, onesantya esiphezulu. Kukho umzuzu omfutshane kakhulu, owenziwe ngobunjineli kakhulu xa i ipiston isondela kumphezulu we cylinder ekupheleni kwe gqiba stroke, apho zombini i indawo yokungena ivalve kunye ne ivalve yokukhupha zivulwe ngenkani kanye ngexesha elinye.
Eli candelo likhethekileyo lesekondi libizwa ivelufa iyadibana. Kutheni ufuna ukuvula zombini iivalvu ngexesha elinye? Inento yonke enxulumene nolwelo oluguquguqukayo. Ishushu ephuma ngokukhawuleza gqiba iigesi zenza ivacuum enamandla emva kwazo. Esi siphumo sokurhabula siyanceda ukufunxa ngokwasemzimbeni umxube omtsha, obandayo wamafutha omoya kanye kwindawo evulekileyo indawo yokungena izibuko, igcwalisa isilinda ngokufanelekileyo ngakumbi.
Intwasahlobo yemveli elayishiwe ipapa ivalve iyiphatha kakuhle le. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iisuperbike zase-Italiyane ezingaqhelekanga zithatha inyathelo eliya phambili ngokusebenzisa ezintsonkothileyo iivalve ze-desmodromic. Inkqubo ye-desmodromic isebenzisa ingalo yesibini, ezinikeleyo ye-rocker ukutsala ngokwasemzimbeni ivalwe ivalve, ishenxisa imithombo ngokupheleleyo kwaye iqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo ukuba ivalve ivala kanye xa icam iyalela, isusa ngokupheleleyo naliphi na ithuba lokudada.
Cinga ngoxinzelelo olukhulu olwenzeka ngaphakathi kwentloko yesilinda. Ivalve yentsimbi ende, ebhityileyo kufuneka ityibilike inyuke ihle ngezigidi zamaxesha ngaphandle kokuvuza nethontsi le-oyile okanye iphulukane nokugxila kwayo okugqibeleleyo. Ubhedu okanye ubhedu Isikhokelo sevalvu ityibilika kufuneka yenziwe ngoomatshini ukuya kutsho kwimikroskopu, ukunyamezelana okungenasiphako.
Izihlalo zentsimbi ezijikelezayo apho iivalvu ziyavaleka ukutywina isilinda kufuneka ihambelane ngokugqibeleleyo ne-engile yobuso bevalvu. Ukuba zicinywe nangeqhezu leqondo elithile, iigesi ezishushu ziya kuyitshisa isinyithi ngoko nangoko. Kulapho kanye ukuveliswa kwe-CNC ephezulu kunye nezixhobo zokusika i-premium zibe ngamaqhawe apheleleyo kwishishini leemoto.
E-Drillstar, sinobunjineli obubukhali ngendlela emangalisayo, izixhobo eziqinileyo ezifunekayo ukwakha le mimangaliso yale mihla. Xa umenzi we-injini kufuneka agqobhoze umngxuma wesikhokelo sevalve engenasiphako, baxhomekeke kwethuIziXhobo zeModyuli eziSetyenziswayo (IziXhobo zokuBoring ezichanekileyo nezichanekileyo) ukufezekisa ukugqiba okufana nesipili. Kanye njengokuba umkhandi ochwepheshile ethembele kwishim echanekileyo ukuseta okugqibeleleyo ukukhutshwa kwetappet, iifektri zeemoto zithembele kwizixhobo zethu eziqinileyo ze-carbide ukuqinisekisa ukuba icamshaft ijikelezisa ngokukhululekileyo kunye ne injini uphefumla ngokukhawuleza.
Isishwankathelo: Izinto eziphambili eziThathayo zokuFumana iValvetrain Mechanics
Ukuqonda ubugwenxa, ubuchwephesha besantya esiphezulu ngaphakathi kwinjini kukunika intlonipho enzulu kubunjineli bale mihla kunye nokuvelisa. Nazi ezona ngongoma zibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzikhumbule:
- Umntu ophakathi: I tappet isebenza njengesithinteli esibalulekileyo, esingagugiyo phakathi kwekhamera ejikelezayo ngokurhabaxa kunye nayo yonke ivalvetrain.
- Ukwandiswa koBubushushu: Ngenxa yokuba iintsimbi zanda kakhulu xa zishushu, zigcina ngokufanelekileyo ukukhutshwa kwevalvu yimfuneko ngokupheleleyo yokuthintela iivalvu ezitshileyo kwaye zilahleke ucinezelo.
- Zero Ulungiso: Iziphakamisi ze-hydraulic sebenzisa ngokuqaqambileyo i-oyile ye-injini ecinezelekileyo ukugcina ngokuzenzekelayo i-zero lash, ukuphelisa imfuneko incwadi yesandlaly lungisa ivalve.
- Ubunzima boMdyarho: Iinjini ezijikelezayo zifuna iziphakamisi eziqinileyo ukunqanda ubungozi ngokupheleleyo ukudada ivelufa kwiiRPM ezigqithisileyo.
- Ukunciphisa Ubunzima: Ukusuka kuyilo olunzima lwepushrod ukuya kule mihla ikhamera ephezulu ukuseta kunciphisa kakhulu ubunzima obuhambayo, kuvumela imotor ukuba ivuke ngokukhawuleza.
- Ukuchaneka kuyo yonke into: Nokuba utyibilika ngononophelo a igeyiji yokuziva phakathi kwe-a ikhamera kunye nevalve okanye ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokusika eziphambili ze-CNC ukuzala a Isikhokelo sevalvu, ukuchaneka ngokupheleleyo kubangela impumelelo.
Ngokuthatha ixesha lokuqonda ngokuthe ngqo indlela yokwenza vula ivalve ngokufanelekileyo kwaye nini lungisa i tappet ngokuchanekileyo, uqinisekisa ukuba oomatshini bakho abanzima bahambisa amandla aphezulu ehashe, ukuthembeka kokugqibela, kunye nobomi obude, benkonzo enengeniso.
